and social services to the public. The government's policies are heavily weighted toward the welfare of the citizen.

Zambia's dependence on copper has meant that when the world price is depressed (as it has been since 1975), the Zambian Government's ability to provide basic services is substantially impaired. President Kaunda has recently thrown his full prestige behind efforts to diversify the Zambian economy, putting particular emphasis on developing Zambia's significant agricultural potential.

There is no evidence that official corruption diverts significant resources away from development efforts or from the poor majority. President Kaunda has actively sought to communicate his own personal honesty to government officials, and has acted forcefully against violators of the public trust.

3.

Respect for Civil and Political Liberties, Including:

a. Freedom of Thought, Speech, Press, Religion
and Assembly

Freedom of thought, expression and assembly are circumscribed by the constitutional ban on all political activity outside the one-party structure (see paragraph 3c below).

Although both Lusaka newspapers are controlled, one by the government and the other by the sole legal political party, "constructive" media criticism of government performance is permitted, and has been sharp and widespread for the past year, particularly in reference to the government's economic policies. Criticism of the head of state and of the basic national philosophy, Humanism, is not allowed. Criticism of the President is punishable by fine or imprisonment. Censorship of foreign publications exists but is not stringent.

Freedom of religion is constitutionally guaranteed and

strongly supported by President Kaunda. The exceptions have been the Lumpa sect, which was banned in 1964 following a series of bloody anti-government riots, and another small sect banned for alleged sexual immorality. No systematic persecution of the controversial Jehovah's Witnesses has been reported in Zambia, although Zambian Witnesses have been subject to considerable public criticism by Zambian political leaders, and some localized harassment has undoubtedly occurred.

The Zambia Council of Trade Unions is a relative

ly militant and independent organization whose member unions take a strong stand in defense of workers' interests.

b. Freedom of Movement Within the Country,
Foreign Travel and Emigration

As noted above, the President may, under his emergency powers, restrict the movements of individuals within Zambia. The government also reserves the right to refuse or withdraw passports as a means of preventing foreign travel by individuals whose activities abroad are considered not in the best interests of Zambia. Freedom to emigrate, however, has not been impaired by the Government.

c. Freedom to Participate in the Political
Process

Under the 1973 constitution, the United National Independence Party (UNIP) is designated the sole legal party in Zambia. Candidates for political office at any level must be members of UNIP, and are subject to "vetting" for suitability as candidates by higher party authority. In Zambia, this system is described as "one-party participatory democracy," and the government maintains that competition within the one-party framework (including elections with universal suffrage in which secrecy of the ballot is protected) gives adequate expression to the will of the citizenry.

In 1971 Simon Kapwepwe, a former close associate

of President Kaunda, broke away from UNIP to form his own United Progressive Party (UPP). The UPP was banned and Kapwepwe rusticated in February 1972, when President Kaunda announced that Zambia would become a one-party state. Kapwepwe and several of his senior followers rejoined UNIP in September, 1977, formally ending the UPP schism.

4.

Government Attitude and Record Regarding International and Non-Governmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights

The Zambian Government's human rights record has not been the target of intensive investigation in recent years, and there have been no requests for outside investigations of alleged violations. Amnesty International has criticized Zambian treatment of some Rhodesian detainees. The Government has not responded publicly to AI's criticism.

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

BOLIVIA

Bolivia is one of the poorest nations in Latin America. The harsh realities of geography, complicated by the lack of access to the sea, have frustrated until recently any sustained efforts at development. In good part as a result of these conditions, Bolivian history, even during periods of democratic rule, has been marked by bouts of violence and instability, frequently accompanied by state of siege and other extraordinary provisions limiting personal and political rights.

President Banzer's announcement of November 7, 1977 that Bolivia would return to civilian constitutional government in 1978 has led to a series of significant improvements in the status of human rights. In the area of political rights the Government has announced that Presidential and parliamentary elections will be held on July 9, 1978 and all restrictions on political party and trade union activities have since been lifted. In the area of personal and political security there has been significant change as well. First, the Government announced in December a partial amnesty allowing all but 348 Bolivians to return from exile. At the same time the Government announced the release of 33 of the 52 political prisoners then in custody and the remanding for trial of the remaining 19.

Then in January 1978, under pressure of a hunger strike, the Government announced a general amnesty to all Bolivians in exile or subject to the system of "residenciamiento" (restrictions on activity or movement). Continued economic progress, with significant emphasis on the rural poor, has also undoubtedly improved the situation of some of the poorest segments of Bolivian society and contributed to the economic and social cohesion of this country.

1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from:

a. Torture

Informed Bolivian human rights proponents report that the security police continued in 1977 to use forms of

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