copper smelted at these works has given to Lake Superior copper a worldwide reputation, and it has already found its way into the far-off markets of India. As this market is controlled by England, this introduction must be purely owing to the merits of the copper. Lake Superior copper is also largely used in the manufacture of war material-as guns and cartridges-by Russia, Prussia, Turkey, Spain and other countries, American manufacturers filling large orders. The principal copper producing districts of the world are Cornwall (England), Chili, South Australia and Lake Superior. The copper product of Lake Superior in 1874 was stated at 22,225 tons, valued at $7,770,519. The only formidable rival to the Lake Superior copper region is Chili, and the value of its produce in the same year was only $51,717 in excess of the value of the products of the Lake Superior region. The next subject treated of by Mr. Brady in his interesting report is that of building stone, which he regards of great importance to Michigan as well as to the entire northwest. The brown free sandstone, which was well represented by fine dressed samples from the quarries of the Brown Stone Company, of Marquette, is a very beautiful stone, and possesses many features which better adapt it for building material than the celebrated Connecticut Free Stone, which it much resembles in point of color, being, however, of a slightly livelier shade. The texture of the Marquette stone is more homogeneous than the Connecticut, which renders it capable of being more smoothly dressed and with a higher finish. The foundation of the Michigan State Centennial Building having been laid in this stone, has, by the attention it attracted, well served its purpose in demonstrating the fact that Michigan is not wholly dependent on her timber for building materials, but has a resource of a far more durable nature. There is now a constantly increasing demand for this stone in all of our great lake cities. Through the enterprising spirit, says Mr. Brady, of Dr. Garrigues, of Saginaw, the Saginaw Valley displayed a fine collection of salt and brines. This interest, which is yearly proving of greater importance, has become a source of no inconsiderable income. The product of salt for 1875, which was about 1,082,000, has this year, 1876, been increased by nearly 500,000 barrels. This great industry has sprung up within eighteen years, and has shown throughout a steady progress. When it is considered that only the upper salt measure has yet been but partially developed, it can be seen what a brilliant future opens up to the salt industry of Michigan. The western portion of the Lower Pennisula was represented by a fine display of gypsum of all varieties of shade, from the almost pure white to the beautiful flesh tints and dusk brown. This exhibition attracted much attention, particularly from the people of the Atlantic States, who draw annually a large supply from Nova Scotia. glass sand. There was exhibited from Ida, Monroe county, a sample of The quantity of this sand is inexhaustible, as it underlies a very large area in the locality. The qualities of glass made from this sand are the finer grades of cylinder and plate glass. Experts have pronounced it capable of making a quality of plate fully equal to the best French article. The sand is largely used by the Detroit City Glass Works, and is shipped to Pittsburg, Pa., and to Hamilton, Ontario. Mr. Brady expresses obligations to Messrs. Hubbard, Haahns and Bush, of the Detroit Scientific Association, for the fine collection of archæological specimens exhibited by the association. He also refers to the ancient implements. and stone hammers exhibited by Messrs. Chassell & Sheldon, of Houghton. At the close of the Exhibition the great bulk of such minerals as were not especially ordered to be returned to their owners, were packed and shipped according to the direction of the State Centennial Managers, to the State University. The collection so forwarded consisted almost wholly of samples of iron and copper ores. Proper acknowledgment of this gift has been made by the Board of Regents. Exchanges of some of the mineral products of Michigan were effected with Spain, Portugal and the Province of Victoria, and though presenting the Brazilian Commissioner with a very complete collection of copper and iron ores, it seemed impossible to secure any return of the favor. Such minerals as were secured in this manner are at present placed in store in Detroit awaiting disposition. Mr. Brady recommends that they also be placed at the service of the University. In closing his report, Mr. Brady remarks: I feel assured that our State cannot help but soon feel the beneficial results of her creditable display of mineral wealth at this greatest of exhibitions, and I most earnestly hope it may result in awakening a more general spirit of interest among the people of our State in mineral matters. Many have too long considered the subject to be one of minor importance to us, and yet if we look back upon the past three years of financial depression, and consider the effect they have had upon our different business interests, we shall see that above all looms the great copper mining interests of our State, as a lighthouse to the weather-beaten mariner, it apparently being one of the few important interests in the State that has not greatly suffered from the temporary paralysis of business. To the emigrant seeking a home and the capitalist seeking investment, there is no State in the Union that offers as great inducements as the State of Michigan. It therefore behooves us to use all such means as lie within our power to bring our vast resources to the notice of the world. III.— EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND ART. HE Rev. D. C. Jacokes, D. D., of Pontiac, was commissioned by the State Centennial Board of Managers to supervise the preparation, in form for presentation at the Centennial Exhibition, of exhibits representing the varied State interests classified under this head. His labors were by personal visitation and interviews with persons representing the several interests, by circulars, and by correspondence. The work was a novel one, the best methods for which were perhaps at first not fully comprehended by the agent himself, much less by the many persons whose co-operation was necessary. Not to dwell upon the magnitude or difficulty of the work, it is referred to in this connection simply to put the reader upon inquiry as to its magnitude, while considering the resume which follows of its results. Over fifty manuscript reports, representing graded schools, colleges, State institutions, churches, public law and government, libraries, secret societies, and other interests, were the fruit of efforts to that end, mention of which will appear, in their proper order, in pages following. And it is appropriately remarked here that the entire of this chapter is a digest of the exhibit under this head, comments only in a few cases being added by the editor. The educational exhibit of many of the states was located on the gallery along the southerly side of the Main Building, and the space occupied by the Michigan exhibit was the first apartment east of the central stairway. It was therefore very near the center of the Elm avenue front of the Main Building. An international conference of educators was held at the Pennsylvania Hall of Education, Friday, June twenty-third, General Eaton, of the National Bureau of Education, president. The conference continued in session several days. At the meeting held Tuesday, June twenty-seventh, Dr. Jacokes was called upon, and gave an account of the Michigan educational system. STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. The office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction was represented at the Centennial by fifteen volumes of reports. The first act passed by the Legislature of Michigan, in virtue of article ten of the constitution of 1835, providing for a system of popular education, and the appointment by the Governor of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, was approved July 26, 1836. This act defines the duties of the Superintendent, the chief of which are: to devise a system for common schools, and a plan for a university and its branches; to make an inventory of all lands and property reserved to the State for the purposes of education; and to require of certain local school officers reports relative to the condition of their respective districts, and that he transmit the same to the Legislature. In compliance with the leading provision of the act, the Hon. John D. Pierce, the first Superintendent of Public Instruction appointed under the provisions of the act of 1836, did, in the year 1837, report a common school system and a plan for a university, with branches, which were adopted, without material alteration, by the Legislature. The constitution of 1850 provided that the Superintendent be elected by the people, biennially, with other State officers. The following is a list of names of Superintendents of Public Instruction, with dates of their entering and leaving office: By appointment: John D. Pierce 1836, to Jan., 1841. Franklin Sawyer....Jan., 1841, to Jan., 1843. Oliver C. Comstock..Jan., 1843, to Jan., 1845. Ira Mayhew.. Jan., 1845, to Jan., 1849. Francis W. Sherman, Jan., 1849, to Jan., 1853. By election: Francis W. Sherman, Jan., 1853, to Jan., 1855. Horace S. Tarbell was elected Superintendent in 1876 for the term commencing January 1, 1877. The representation of the Michigan department of public instruction at Philadelphia gives many interesting facts in its development through legislation that are important, as affording means of comparison with systems of other states and countries. A summary of them seems hardly called for in this work, as they all appear in the statutes and reports. The business of the department of public instruction has gradually increased, and the details of the office have been faithfully performed, during the past nineteen years, by Mr. C. B. Stebbins, the Deputy Superintendent, who, notwithstanding the changes in the personnel of the Superintendent, retains the position of Deputy by virtue of his peculiar fitness for the position as an experienced executive officer. In the list of Superintendents are the names of several who are still distinguished in various fields of educational labor in this and other States. This department also furnished for exhibition in the educational exhibit four charts, beautifully drawn, by J. E. Sherman, draughtsman at the State land office, Lansing. Each chart was a map of Michigan, showing the territory comprised in each county. The first two gave the educational statistics and population of each county; the last two the location of primary and high schools. These charts contain a large amount of information as to the time of organizing each county; the amount of taxes raised for school purposes; the amount raised by the two-mill tax; amount of cash on hand at the beginning of each of the ten years preceding 1876, and other facts connected with that decade. On Chart No. II is a pyramid, being an exhibit of the growth of the school population and attendance from 1836 to 1875, inclusive. The whole figure shows the increase of population of school age from year to year; and by light and dark tints, the proportion attending school each year. There was also exhibited, in a large. glazed frame, engravings of University Hall, erected 1873, cost $105,000; Normal School buildings, erected 1852, cost $42,000; State Public School, erected 1873, cost $118,000; Ann Arbor High school building, erected 1856, cost $65,000; high school building at Constantine, erected 1869, cost $38,000; at Saginaw City, erected 1867, cost $80,000; at Coldwater, erected 1861, cost $35,000; at Adrian, erected 1865, cost $75,000; at Lansing, erected 1875, cost $65,000; at Flint, erected 1874, cost $104,000; at Kalamazoo, erected 1858, cost $60,000; at Marshall, erected 1868, cost $70,000; at Pontiac, erected 1870, cost $67,000; at Grand Rapids, erected 1867, cost $85,000; at Battle Creek, erected 1870, cost $83,000. EXHIBIT BY THE STATE UNIVERSITY. The exhibit from the University of Michigan was of a comprehensive character, embracing students' theses, five volumes; drawings from the engineering department, two volumes; microscopic drawings, five volumes; history of the University (printed), by Professor Adams, the historian; a description of the museum, by Professor Frieze; an elegant portfolio of photographic views of the University buildings and interior views; cases of pharmaceutical preparations of the class of 1876; and a calendar of the University. Also a chart of the whole educational system of the State, very elaborately executed, by Professor Charles H. Dennison, of the University. The chart was large and attractive, forming an object of close study and of great interest to educators. Professor Frieze made a report and key accompanying the chart, in which he says, speaking of the general education of the State: Under this head are placed: 1, The primary or rudimentary schools; 2, The grammar or intermediate schools; 3, The high schools; and, 4, The collegiate, academic or non-professional department of the University. Each of these divisions, it will be perceived, embraces a four years of study; and thus the entire course of elementary and liberal education covers a period course of |