shafting was connected with a motor of 1,400-horse power, the celebrated Corliss engine. A tank in the southern wing, for the use of pumps on exhibition, was 160 feet in length and 60 feet wide, allowing 10 feet depth of water. There were five annexes of Machinery Hall, covering in the aggregate nearly two acres. Three of these were boiler-houses, furnishing steam for the various exhibitors requiring it, and also for the Corliss engine, on which most of the exhibitors depended for power. The largest and most important annex of Machinery Hall, though it may more properly be called an entirely independent edifice, was the "Shoe and Leather Building," in which there were nearly 400 exhibits of materials, machinery, and manufactured products, for the most part from the United States, but also from Great Britain, Germany and Russia. The "Saw Mill Annex" with its boiler-house, covering more than half an acre, was erected for the purpose of showing huge circular saws, for both lumber and stone, in operation.

Agricultural Hall was a structure built entirely of wood, of very peculiar form, with a general gothic tendency, but assignable to no order of architecture. With a dozen or more pointed towers, sharp, high, green-painted roofs and ornamental sides of dark brown, the effect produced was extremely unique. The area covered was between ten and eleven acres. The annexes of this hall, two in number, were for the exhibition of agricultural and other wagons, and of fruits in their seasons. They covered about an acre and a quarter.

The Horticultural Hall, erected by the city of Philadelphia, is a building of iron and glass, standing on Lansdowne Terrace, between the two ravines. It is an elaborate and highly ornamental structure, designed in the Moorish style of about the twelfth century, the period at which Moorish grandeur and luxury had reached its highest point in Spain. In due accordance with its architecture, the building was painted in gorgeous colors, and its graceful forms shone brilliantly in the sun during the bright days of summer and autumn while the Exhibition was open. It covers about an acre and three-quarters of ground. Near the hall stood a long tent-shaped annex, of wood, iron and canvas, in which a magnificent display of rhododendrons and azeleas, from the Knap Hill nursery, in Surrey, England, was offered during the proper season. The interior of the main hall was somewhat disappointing to visitors, upon the whole, though it was tolerably well filled with tropical plants, ferns, orchids, hollies, etc. There were four forcing conservatories north and south of the central hall, but the display was at no time very pleasing or impressive. The long series of beds, already referred to, lying along the Lansdowne ridge, may be regarded as an open-air annex of Horticultural Hall, and afforded more

pleasure to visitors than anything within. The display of flowers in these beds was considerable, and a profusion of brilliant foliage-plants was particularly attractive. An area of nearly two acres was covered by the Hall and its annex.

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Memorial Hall, erected from appropriations by the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia, is intended, as its name indicates, to be a lasting monument to keep the memory of this Exhibition green in the minds of future generations. Whatever may be the fate of the other buildings now regarded as permanent, this will be standing, in all probability, when the next Centennial year of the Republic shall arrive. It is of stone throughout, except the iron dome, and is absolutely fire-proof, if that can be said of any building. The design, known technically as the "modern renaissance," combines the graceful semi-circular Roman arch with plain Doric forms, in the shape of pilasters, between the windows and other openings. The front, 365 feet in length, presents a fine central facade, with three arched doorways, forty feet in height, flanked on each side by a colonnade extending to a tower, or rather 'pavilion," at each end. The central dome springs from a high, square tower, and is surmounted by a figure of Columbia, the whole rising to a height of 150 feet. The four pavilions at the corners are surmounted each by four immense eagles of stone, with wings spread; female figures rest upon the corners of the central tower, at the base of the dome. The building stands upon a broad terrace of solid masonry, reached upon the north and south by massive flights of steps. At the sides of the main flight, on the southern front, stand the two bronze figures of Pegasus, with attendant Muses, noticed in our general view of the grounds. Little idea of the architect's design as to the interior could be obtained by a visitor during the season of the Exhibition, as the main hall was divided into comparatively small apartments by temporary partitions, for the accommodation of pictures. In the absence of these partitions, the main galleries and central hall form a single grand apartment, lighted from above, 287 feet in length and 83 feet wide, capable of holding 8,000 people without discomfort. Besides this, there are the end halls, the four corner pavilions, and numerous smaller apartments on two floors at the north side of the building. As arranged for an art gallery, there were 75,000 square feet of space for paintings. This area was found insufficient by the Commission, and an annex was built in the same general style, though in plainer forms, and of brick stuccoed in imitation of the same gray stone. In this building there were 34 galleries and two central transverse corridors, presenting a wall space of 60,000 square feet. Another annex, known as the "Photographic Exhibition Building," was a temporary structure, 242 feet in length by 77 feet wide,

divided into many alcoves, and displaying on its walls specimens of photographic work from England, France, Russia, Germany, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Mexico, Poland and Australia, as well as from Canada and the United States. The Memorial Hall, with its two annexes, covered an area of between three and four acres, the main structure covering about one acre and two-thirds.

The United States Government Building, in the form of a Latin cross, and constructed entirely of wood, occupied about two and a third acres of ground. Three small annexes consisted of an "Ordnance Laboratory," an "Army Post Hospital," and the "Transit of Venus Buildings," in the latter of which the instruments used in observing the phenomenon indicated by the name were on exhibition. In the hospital were shown various implements, medicines, stores, furniture, etc., with models of hospital cars, boats and ambulances, besides photographs of striking surgical cases in the late war, and microscopical specimens. To these buildings must be added a lighthouse, showing at night a revolving light of white and red, and another little house, in which steam fog-horns were in active operation every day, startling strangers and adding little if anything to the comfort of regular visitors.

The "Woman's Pavilion," occupying about two-thirds of an acre, was erected by the special exertions of women in the United States, though the women of Philadelphia should be credited with the greater part of the labor and money contributed. The structure was of wood, and peculiar to itself in design, forming a square at the base, but having its main roofs in the shape of a Greek cross, with a large central elevation, surmounted by a dome and a cupola.

The total area for the exhibition of goods and other purposes of the 153 buildings within the grounds was a little more than 72 acres, according to the most accurate calculations possible from the figures at hand. This area was

About two acres and two-thirds of the above total amount consist of the galleries in the Main Building and Machinery Hall; this leaves about sixty-nine and a half acres as the amount of ground actually covered by the buildings.

III-A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE EXHIBITION.

considering the myriad of articles exhibited, we must deal first with mere numbers. In no other manner can we approximate to a definite idea of the huge dimensions of a world's fair of the present day. The number of exhibitors indicates but faintly the number of articles shown, as many distinct and different articles were often included under a single exhibit; and there were numerous collections exhibited by governments, municipal and other corporate bodies, and even by individuals. But we must content ourselves with giving the number of exhibitors credited to each country in each department, and afterwards making such remarks upon the peculiar features of every nation's display as may be necessary to give a general idea of the variety and quality of the things exhibited. The reader must be on his guard, however, in respect of comparisons of the different nations. In the Agricultural Department, for instance, many exhibits are included under one name in the general list, the various articles having been gathered from many sources, but offered for exhibition by one person. State commissioners sent collective exhibits from various parts of our own country, which sometimes count as but one exhibit. The reader will therefore find discrepancies between the figures here given and those given in the account of the Michigan exhibits, on other pages of this volume. It would be quite impossible to follow the same plan of counting in both places, inasmuch as many foreign countries have sent various collective exhibits, as well as our own. For similar reasons, it is impossible to accurately estimate the relations of our Centennial fair to the exhibitions which have preceded it. The systems of numbering and cataloguing exhibitions vary in different countries and in different times. The "42,217 exhibitors" at Paris in 1867 by no means indicate a greater number of articles displayed or of persons represented than were displayed and represented at Philadelphia, though the American figures are not nearly as high. The Commissioners distributed all the objects exhibited among five general "departments," as follows: IMining and Metallurgy-minerals, ores and other mining products, and all the metals in the early processes of manufacture; II-General Manufactures; III—Education and Science; IV-The Fine Arts; V-Machinery; VI-Agriculture; VII-Horticulture. We will follow these general divisions, except

that we will throw the last two into one; but we need not confine ourselves to the order chosen by the Commission. The entire number of exhibitors was 31,489.*

MINING AND METALLURGY.

In the department of ores, minerals, etc., and metals in their rougher forms, the exhibitors represented the various nations as in the following table:

The mineral products contributed by such a long list of nations and colonies represented nearly every corner of the globe. Some of the countries sent great piles of ores and stones, while others sent cabinets of small specimens quite as valuable, perhaps, in illustration of their kinds, but less impressive to the spectator. The contributions of Great Britain consisted of Cumberland and other ores, coal, coke, peat, Scotch red granite, blue and gray Irish granites, chalk, flint, common and pottery clays and emery stone, with numerous specimens of Portland cement and concrete. The metallurgical products of Great Britain consisted of platinum, pig iron, spiegeleisen, Bessemer steel; wire, in various shapes, of iron, copper, brass and steel; zinc, tin and phosphor bronze. The most interesting part of the British display in this department were specimens of armor plates for war vessels, from Sheffield, varying in thickness from eight to twenty inches, and showing indentations by cannon-shot made in the process of testing. The colonies of the British empire, located in every part of mother earth, sent to us their natural treasures in great variety and abundance. From New Zealand came iron ore, coal, plumbago, copper, antimony, marble, lead, marl, porcelain-clay and zinc; one specimen of petro

*These and the following figures may differ somewhat from those of the official report to be made, after this writing, by the Centennial Commission. They are based upon the figures furnished by the Commission to the publishers of the revised catalogue. No differences, however, can be sufficiently great to affect the general relations of the various nations to each other in any department.