ONE of the interesting facts brought to light by the use of the microscope, is the existence, in large numbers, of animalcules in the various strata of the earth. In some places the strata have been found to be entirely composed of the dead bodies of these minute beings. Their preservation depends on the fact of their possessing a hardened skeleton, which resists the decomposing action of the water in which they lived. We are indebted to Ehrenberg for first making this interesting discovery. In a clayey deposit in Sweden, called Bergmehl, he found these animals so numerous that the inhabitants occasionally ate it as food, on account of the quantity of organic matter it contained. Since their first discovery by Ehrenberg, they have been found in numerous deposits, especially in the cretaceous and tertiary deposits. They are particularly abundant in America. In the January number of "Silliman's American Journal," there is a letter from Professor Bailey, giving an account of some of these infusorial deposits. It appears that Charleston is built upon a bed of animalcules several hundred feet in thickness; every cubic inch is filled with millions of microscopic shells. There are beds of the same nature beneath Richmond and Petersburg, but the nature of the animalcules in the Charleston beds differs somewhat from these. In the former, they belong to the siliceous infusoria, but the latter belong entirely to that class of minute calcareous-shelled animalcules called by Ehrenberg, polythalamia. These shells in England are found in greatest abundance in the chalk-beds. The Charleston beds belong to the older tertiary deposits. The shells are found in an extraordinary state of preservation, the most delicate markings of the shells being perfectly obvious. The polythalamia, which form so large a portion of the territory of South Carolina, are still at work in countless thousands upon her coasts, filling up harbours, forming shoals, and depositing their shells to record the present state of the sea-shore, as their predecessors, now entombed beneath Charleston, have done with regard to ancient oceans.
In the April number of the Annals of Natural History, an abstract is given of Professor Owen's paper on Belemnites," which was read before the Royal Society at one of the sittings in 1844. The author had met with Belemnites discovered in the Oxford clay at Christian-Malford, Wilts, which were remarkable for the preservation of many of the soft parts of the animal. By the discovery of an ink-bag in these animals, he was led, from a consideration of the physiological relations of this organ, to remove the Belemnite from the family in which it was ordinarily placed by zoologists, to the order of naked cephalopods, in which the sepia, or cuttle-fish, is placed. In the interior organs, beside the ink-bag and duct, which had before been discovered by Dr. Buckland and Professor Agassiz, the remains of the horny lining of the gizzard were preserved in the present specimens. The paper was illustrated by drawings of the specimens, described with microscopic views of the shell and muscular tissue, and a restoration of the Belemnite according to the data afforded by the speci
America, Colonization of, 1-36.
Ancient Greece, 413; its early history,
414; its priesthood, 415; Crete, 416;
periods of Greek history, 417; its colo-
nies, states, 418; federal union, 419;
Athens and Sparta, 420; changes of
government, 421; tyranny, 422; rulers
in Sparta, 423; in Athens, 426; Per-
sian war, 426; leaders, 427; ascen-
dancy of Athens, 428; Peloponnesian
war, 429; its effects, 430; reforms, 431;
Thebes, Macedonia, 433; religion, laws,
and morals of Greece, 434.
Angels of God, their Nature, Character,
Ranks, and Ministerial Services, 641.
Aristocracies, Influence of, 325.
Bakewell, Mr. J., Mother's Guide, 631.
Bancroft, George, History of the Coloniza-
tion of the United States, 1.
Baptism, Christian, Godwin's, 632.
Beard, Dr., Illustrations of the Moral Ar-
gument for the Credibility of the Gos-
pels, 327.
-Reply to Strauss' Life of Jesus, 227.
Bird, Rev. G., Hints for the Anglican
Church, 628.
Blockley, Rev. W., B.A., Diplomatic Cor-
respondence of Rt. Hon. R. Hill, 620.
Bowen, Francis, M.A., Critical Essays on
Philosophy, 324.
Brickwell, Rev. W. S., M.A., Oxford
Tract 90, 430.
Bruce, Rev. J., Cypress Wreath, 641.
Sympathy, or Mourner Advised
and Consoled, 329.
Bulwer, Sir E. L., Novels of. See Novels.
Buller, J., Lectures, 641.
Causes of the French Revolution, 198.
Christian Union, Essays on, by Drs. Chal-
mers, Balmer, Candlish, King, Wardlaw,
Struthers, and Symington, and Rev.
J. A. James, 78.
Church and the People, 640.
Coleman, Rev. L., Church without a Pre-
late, 642.
Commercial Reform, questions of, 514;
Smith's Wealth of Nations, 515; Corn-
law, 516; London petition, origin of
free-trade agitation, 517; Mr. Huskis-
son's reform, 519; impediments, 520;
crisis, 521; committee of inquiry, 522;
evidence of Mr. J. D. Hume, 523; two
classes of taxes, 524; protective, 525;
private, 526; on sugar, 528; on timber,
530; their impolicy, 532; duties on
silk, 533; protective duties pernicious,
536; their removal beneficial, 538;
Whig budget, 540; improved sliding
scale illusory, 543; copper and coffee,
544; Canada corn bill, 541; duties on
wool, 547; sugar duties bill, 548; delu-
sion as to slave-grown produce, 550;
protection the bane of improvement,
552; slave and free labour, 554; fiscal
changes of the present session, 556; in-
creased population, 557; free trade pro-
motes morals, 558; commerce favours
Christianity, 561.
Commons, House of, Townsend's, 472.
Dalton, John, D.C.L., F.R.S., Life and
Discoveries of, 157; greatest English
chemist; his early life, obligations to
Mr. Gough, 158; settlement at Man-
chester, 160; atomic theory, laws of
chemical combination, 161; discoveries,
170; material nature displays infinite
Wisdom, 175; Dalton lectures on his
system at Manchester, Edinburgh, Glas-
gow, 176; progress of his discoveries,
177; meteorological observations, 180;
his discoveries published through
Europe, 185; his lectures in London,
Birmingham, Leeds, declines the honour
of natural philosopher to the polar
Expedition, 187; his reception at Paris,
188; honoured by the Royal Society,
British Association; Oxford University
confers on him the title of Doctor of
Civil Law, 188; William IV. grants
him a pension, 189; his friends sub-
scribe for a statue of him, 190; his ap-
pearance at court, 191; illness, death,
and character, 193.
Davis, Rev. Evan, China and her Spiritual
Claims, 681.
Difficulties of a Young Clergyman, 630.
Donkin, W. F., Defence of Voting, 436.
Draper, Rev. B., Bible Illustrations, 631.
East, Rev. T., Discourses on the Proper
Deity of the Son of God, 325.
Eldon, Lord Chancellor, Public and Pri-
vate Life of, by Horace Twiss, Esq.;
his principles, 277; state of the times,
278; early efforts for reform in par-
liament, 279; spirit of Toryism, 280;
character of Lord Eldon, 281; parent-
age and early habits, 283; education,
286; admission to college at Oxford,
287; his college life and marriage, 289;
his study of law, 290; first circuit,
292; argument in Acroyd v. Smithson,
293; recorder of Newcastle, 294; en-
gaged in the cause of the Clitheroe
Election Petition, 295; noticed by Lord
Thurlow, 296; member of parliament,
297; his speeches, 298; regard for the
church, 299; made solicitor-general,
knighted, 300; attorney-general, 301;
state prosecutions, 302; trial of Horne
Tooke, 303; acquittal of Hardy, 306;
suspension of Habeas Corpus Act, 307;
prosecution of G. Wakefield, 309; chief
justice of Common Pleas, 310; made
Lord Chancellor, 312; his official ca-
reer, 313; his intolerance, 315; his
contempt for presbyterians, 317; new
ministers, 318; Catholic Relief Bill,
Reform Bill, 320; death and character
of Lord Eldon, 321.
Ellis, Mrs., the Bennets Abroad, 623.
Rev. W., History of the London
Missionary Society, 324.
Factories Inquiry, Report of Commis-
sioners, 117.
Factory system, its origin for spinning
wool, cotton and silk, 117; value of
factories, 119; inventors of machines,
120; their influence on trade, 121; in-
crease of manufactures, 122; of popula-
tion, 123; exports of cotton, woollen,
and linen goods, 125; factories on the
continent, 126; is it right and expedi-
ent to limit factory labour to ten hours
a day? 127; opinions, 129; testimony
of inspectors, 130; of medical men,
132; arguments on the short time, 136;
time of labour on the continent, 137;
increase of foreign factories, 138; ob-
jections to the limit of ten hours, 139;
comforts of factory labourers, 142;
ought the hours of labour to be limited
by parliament? 145; opinions of states-
men, 146; objections of Sir R. Peel,
148; soundness of them, 150; liberty
of the work people, 151; education and
religion of factory people, 153; moral
& religious duties of mill owners, 155.
Fall, the, What was it? 633.
Foreign Literary Intelligence, 644.
Fownes, George, Ph. D., Chemistry, as
exemplifying the Wisdom and Bene-
ficence of God, 324.
Free Church of Scotland, 390; Reforma-
tion in Scotland, a popular movement,
391; its condition under James VI.,
Charles I., 392; Charles II., 393; after
the Revolution, 394; patronage, 335;
restored under Anne, 396; seldom
used, 397; opposition, 398; first seces-
sion, relief body, rise of independents
in Scotland, 399; Veto Act,' free
church, law of patronage, 400; im-
portance of the free church, 402; its
influence on religion, 404; state of its
communion, its theory of establish-
ment, 408; its influence on the church,
Garbott, Rev. J., the University, the
Church, and the New Testament, 436.
Godwin, J. H., Christian Baptism, 532.
The Kingdom of Christ, 634.
Greece, History of, 643.
Greg, Robert Hyde, Esq., The Factory
Questions Considered, 117.
Guinnes, Jane L., Sketches of Nature, 631.
Gurney, J. J., Habit and Discipline, 641.
Harwood, P., on German Anti-Super-
naturalism, 324.
Henderson, E., D.D., The Vaudois, 626.
Hermann, C. F., Manual of the Political
Antiquities of Greece, 413.
Historical writing, qualities required for,
232; national affairs the proper subjects
for, 234; Greek and Roman historians,
Horner, L., F.R.S., on the Employment
of Children in Factories, 117.
Hussey, R., Reasons for Voting, 436.
Imagination and Fancy, by Leigh Hunt,
563; what is poetry? 564; example
from Shakspeare, 565; Hudibras and
Milton, 567; pure poetry, 569; the
utterance of passion, 571; the two
greatest modern poets, Shakspeare and
Goethe, 573; Keats, 576; requisite of
verse, 578; excess of thought in Shak-
speare, 580.
Ireland, Policy of England towards, 582;
disaffection in, 583; its conquest by
Henry II., 585; state of the Irish
under Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, 586;
war of religion, protestant and papists,
589; under Elizabeth, 591; under
Charles I. and Cromwell, 593; seizure
of the Irish lands, 595; under William
and Anne, 597; under George I. and
II., 599; its House of Commons, 602;
Irish rebellion, 603; southern pro-
vinces, 604; master evil of Ireland, the
'church,' 608; means of relief, 609;
grant to Maynooth, 611; who oppose
it, 613; state endowments of religion,
615; inconsistent free traders, 616;
endowments inexpedient, 617; true
expediency justice to Ireland, 619.
Jones, T. R., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Natural
History of Animals, 328.
Keble, Rev. J., M.A., Heads of Con-
sideration, 436.
Kenworthy, W., Inventions and Hours
of Labour, a letter, 117.
Macgillivray, W., Conchologist's Text
Book, 642.
Macintyre, J. J., Influence of Aristo-
cracies on the Revolutions of Nations,
326.
Mannering, Rev. E., Christian Consola-
tion, 628.
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical
Society of Manchester, 157.
Mephistopheles & the Young Divine, 634.
Montgomery, Rev. R., M.A., Christ our
All in All, 628.
Morality of Party; parties, political and
religious, 78; the effects or cause of
liberty, 79; signs of liberty, organs of
power, 80; party demanded Magna
Charta, 81; power for religious liberty,
82; ecclesiastical ominous, 84; its sacer-
dotal ambition, 85; definition, 86; not
faction, 87; party violence, 88; per-
fection of religions, the cordial union
of christians in propagating the gospel,
89; arguments for it, 90; advantages,
92; history of religious parties, 95;
liberty and religion served by printing,
97; the reformation, 98; assumption
of the Romish party, 99; policy of the
English clergy, 101; of nonconformists,
102; church a party name, 104; evils
of a party spirit, 106; piety beyond our
party, 108; proper spirit of controversy,
110; temper of Dr. Bentley, 112; party
spirit of the last century, 113; spirit of
Dr. Owen, Mr. Howe, Dr. Watts, 115;
spirit of persecution, 116.
Morison, John, D.D., Fathers & Founders
of the London Missionary Society, 328.
Protestant Reformation, 323.
Natural History of Creation, Vestiges of
the, 490; weak theory of the writer,
491; hypothesis of Herschel, 492; stel-
lary discoveries of Lord Ross, 493; geo-
logic discoveries, 494; plants in the coal
formation, 496; vain novel theory, 498;
discoveries in science, 500; experiments
of Mr. Cross and Mr. Weeks, 501; use
of Babbage's machine, 502; progress
of development, 503; supposed change
of species in grain, 506; speculations
regarding man, 508; human language,
509; instinct, 510; of the human mind,
511; false theories of the author, 513.
Noble, Daniel, Facts and Observations
relative to the influence of manufactures
upon health and life, 117.
Novels, Sir E. L. Bulwer's, read by those
who read nothing else, 369; dramatic
and narrative, 370; character of Sir
E. L. Bulwer's, 371; defects, 373;
'Falkland,' 375; Pelham,' 376; The
Disowned,' 378; Devereux,'' Paul
Clifford,' 379; characters, 381; moral
of the novels, 384; Eugene Aram,'
385; Last Days of Pompeii,' 386;
'Pilgrims of the Rhine,' 389.
Oxford and Evangelical Churchmen, 436;
church of England a century ago, 437;
methodism, 438; spirit of evangelical
churchmen, 439; Romish tendencies,
440; dispensing power by James II,
441; Popery in the church, 444; state
of Oxford, 446; progress of popery in
in the church, 448; policy of tractarians,
450; defects of the evangelical clergy,
452; their requirements, 454; advan-
tages and defects of dissenting ministers,
456; contradiction in the church forms,
458; false subscription, 459; false doc-
trine of the offices, 460; conflict of
parties, 463; secession of evangelical
churchmen necessary, 464; probable
effects of secession, 465; establishment
principle on the continent, 468; position
of the evangelical clergy, 469; what
will they do? 471.
Payne, J., English Poetry, 641.
Pearsal, J. S., Apostolic Churches, 641.
Physical History of Man, 337; varieties
investigated, 338; two problems, 341;
all descend from a single pair, 342;
identity of species of different tribes,
345; different races intermingle, 346;
common diseases, 347; resemblances of
all the races, 348; different races, 349;
development of the brain, 350; colour
of the skin, 351; of the hair and eyes,
353; ancient tribes, 354; classes of
nations, 357; three forms of the skull,
358; sum of the argument, 360; review,
365; three divisions of mankind, 366;
influence of Christianity, 367.
Pilgrim Fathers, 1; persecutions under
Elizabeth, James, and Charles, 2; state
of England in their reigns, 3; library
in a mansion, 5; domination of Eliza-
beth, 6; claims of religious men in her
reign, 8; Robert Brown's principles
and character, 9; imprisonment and
martyrdom of Copping and Thacker,
10; persecution of other Brownists, 11;
sufferings of Barrow and Greenwood,
12; martyrdom of Penry, 14; Robinson,
father of the English independents,
migrates to Holland, 15; his congrega-
tion of exiles at Leyden, 16; they agree
to go to America, 18; condition of
North America, 19; counsels of Robin-
son, 21; land at Cape Cod, 23; settlement
of these colonists, 24; their hardships,
27; intercourse with the Indians, 29;
settlement of New Plymouth, 32; cha-
racter of the Pilgrim Fathers, 34.
Polhill, Edward, Esq., Works of, 638.
Prescott, W. H., History of the Reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic of
Spain, 232; his labour as an historian,
236; value of this work, 238; its defects,
239. See Spain.
Revise the Liturgy. By a Peer, 436.
Russell, Lord John, History of the Eng-
lish Government and Constitution, 198.
Life of Lord William, 198.
Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe,
Lord John inherits most of the
high qualities of his ancestors; his writ-
ings; an honest statesman, 199; his
views of religion, 200; source of his
imperfect notions, 201; character of
the puritans, 203; old dissenters, 204;
Lord John's attachment to church esta-
blishments, like most statesmen, 205;
his high descent, 206; his party, Whigs,
207; his appearance as a politician, 208;
Reform Bill, 208; partial failure, 209;
policy towards Ireland, 210; his oratory,
his policy regarding dissenters, 211;
an imaginary speech of his towards
them, 212; his regard to those who are
political, 218; his predecessor, Lord
William, a churchman, 219; discre-
pancy between the churchman and pa-
triot, 220; Lord John's mistakes re-
garding dissenting ministers, 222; his
views on the suffrage, 223; true policy
of statesmen, 224; law of primogeni-
ture, 226; patriotic statesmen required,
229; hopeful prospects for nonconfor-
mists, 230.
Saul, a Dramatic Sketch, 634.
Scientific Intelligence, 333, 648.
Scotland. See Free Church.
Smith, Rev. G. Domestic Prayer Book,
Spain, under Ferdinand and Isabella; its
geographical importance, 237, 244; its
history little known, 238; early inha-
bitants, 239; conquered by Saracens,
244; condition of it from the Moors,
245; four states of it in the fifteenth
century, 246; Castile, 247; Arragon;
birth of Ferdinand, 249; marriage with
Isabella; union of Castile and Arra-
gon, 251; prosperity, 253; learning,
254; chivalry, conquest, 255; disco-
very, 257; Columbus discovers Ame-
rica, 258; heroism, 260; statesmanship,
261; Mendoza, and Ximenes, 262;
royalty, Ferdinand and Isabella, 265;
establishment of the inquisition, 270;
death of Isabella and Ferdinand, 272;
causes of the decline of Spain, 273.
Spalding, Samuel, M.A., Philosophy of
Christian Morals, 323.
Stephenson, Dr., Offices of Christ, 642.
Stoughton, J., Notices of Windsor, 625.
Tait, A. C., D. C. L., Letters to the Vice-
Chancellor, 436.
Townsend, Charles, Esq., A.M., History
of the House of Commons, 472; its
imperfections, 473; his eulogy of the
Convention Parliament, 477; his Lives
of the Speakers, 478; privileges of the
House, 479; expulsion of its members,
480; notices of Mr. Asgill, 481; case
of Mr. Steele, Sir J. Fenwick's plot,
482; franking, 483; glance at the Re-
volution, and House of Hanover, 486 ;
advancement of Great Britain, 488.
Tractarian Theology, revival of old
church theories at Oxford, 37; Mr.
Ward's ideal derived from the fourth
century, 38; essential popery, 39;
leaders of this theology, 40; their suc-
cess, 41; their method of a sinner's
justification, 43; their artifices, 44; Mr.
Ward's false doctrine, 45; he under-
values Scripture, 46; his absurdities,
49; his intense abhorrence of Protes-
tantism, 54; his false representations
of its doctrines, 58; Hooker, Hill, and
Payne, on justification, 60; slavish spirit
of Mr. Ward's doctrine, 65; his ground-
less representation of sanctification, 68;
his ignorance of the writings of Protes-
tants, 73; he dishonours his own church,
Vaughan, R.A., B.A., Witch of Endor
and other Poems, 326.
Ward, Rev. W. G., M.A., Address to the
Convocation, 436.
The Ideal of a Christian Church,
37. See Tractarian Theology.
Weaver, R., Dissent, its character, 629.
View of Puseyism, 629.
Whigs, what have they done? See Lord
John Russell.
T. C. Savill, Printer, 4, Chandos Street, Covent Garden.
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