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HINTS FOR HEALTH.

NEW METHOD OF FIXING LEECHES.

Dr. Rennes, member of the French Academy, states that the most rapid way of setting leeches, is to immerse them for a minute in very weak wine and water-it should be warm, however, as this produces the greater stimulus. In the Hotel Dieu, at Paris, a somewhat similar plan has been practised for some time, namely, steeping a handkerchief in pure wine, and placing the leeches in it, pressing them tightly, and then applying them to the part.

INJECTIONS OF QUASSIA TO REMOVE INTESTINAL WORMS.

M. Schultze speaks in praise of quassia amara used in the form of injection, for removing ascarides from the intestines, when their presence causes violent itching. He prepares each injection with four drachms of the quassia, to about four ounces

of fluid, and he states that such a solution will invariably procure the expulsion of a large quantity of these entozoa.-Gazette des Hospitaux.

ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS A CAUSE OF CONSUMPTION.

Among the causes of disease, a free indulgence in ardent spirits holds an important place. While this pernicious habit is one of the most powerful means of debasing the morals of the people, and of extinguishing the best feelings of human nature, it is no less effective in destroying the physical constitution. There is good reason to believe that the use of spirituous liquors among the working classes of this country, is productive of consumptive and tuberculous diseases to an extent far beyond what is usually imagined. The blanched cadaverous aspect of the spirit drinker bespeaks the condition of his internal organs. The tale of his moral and physical degradation is indelibly written on his countenance. The evil, however, does not rest here; for, by destroying his own health, he entails on his unhappy offspring the predisposition to tuberculous disease.

THE EFFECTS OF TOBACCO ON THE TEETH.

The pernicious effects of tobacco on the teeth are easily proved, although it has been pretended by some that tobacco is a preservative of these useful organs. The delusion grew out of the fact that tobacco is found sometimes to have the effect of benumbing the nerve of aching teeth. But the teeth of tobacco chewers, who have continued the practice for a considerable length of

time, are generally bad, as any one may observe. The first

and most prominent effect of tobacco upon the teeth, is that of softening them. In some instances they become literally worn to the gums, and in others, decay. The mischief is likewise partly caused by indirect effect upon the masticatory organs through the general health, partly by the natural friction of chewing, and partly by the gritty substances the article contains. Concerning the effects of tobacco on the teeth, Dr. Alcott observes: 'But granting the most which can be claimed for tobacco in the way of preserving teeth-grant that it benumbs

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the nerves, and thus, in many instances, prevents pain-grant,

even, that it occasionally precludes all other decay, except the premature wearing out of which I have spoken-still, the general truth will remain, that it injures the gums and the lining membrane of the mouth, stomach, and alimentary canal generally, and, in fact, of the lungs also; and thus not only prepares the way for various diseases, but spoils the beauty, injures the soundness, and hastens the decay of these organs. It was no doubt the intention of the Creator, that the teeth should last as long as their owner. Yet, in how few of a thousand tobacco-chewers, or smokers, or snuff-takers, is this the result?"

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INDIGE

DIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS,
AND LOW SPIRITS;

The Causes, Symptoms, and Rational Treatment. "An excellent little work upon those disorders so incidental and so common to us, that nothing but want of knowledge, which is here amply conveyed, can perpetuate-we could have said tolerate them. A book like this, clearly written, is worth the prescriptions of twenty physicians; and as such we wish it a world-wide reading."-Weekly Dispatch, March 31st, 1850. Price 4d., by post 6d.,

[EADACHES: their Varieties, Causes, Symptoms, and

H

Rational Treatment.

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TO CORRESPONDENTS. NOTICE. All communications for the Editor must be addressed, pre-paid, to his house, No. 25, LLOYD Square.

THE EDITOR is at home every day until One o'clock; and on the evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, from Seven till Nine.

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RUPERT Ross.-You will find ample explanations of the words in the PEOPLE'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY, and in the GLOSSARY published with No. 65.

JASPER. The term "bilious" is in general parlance such a comprehensive phrase, that it becomes adopted in every disordered state of the stomach, and is applied to every state of the liver, whether it be torpid in its action and fail to furnish bile, or be in a state of irritation, secreting bile in excess. If an erroneous view be taken, and the "bilious" disorder be referred to the stomach, when the mischief is in fact in the liver, it probably happens that calomel is resorted to, imprudently and without occasion. A patient is a very bad judge upon these points of discrimination, and our best advice to you, is, obtain advice, personally. DYSPEPTIC.-We consider good draught "bitter ale" to be far superior to the bottled ale; the latter contains too much carbonic acid gas, and may painfully distend the stomach.

VOLS. I. and II. of the PEOPLE'S MEDICAL JOURNAL are now ready, price 4s. each, bound in strong and elegant cloth, gilt lettered. CASES for binding Vols. I. and II. may be obtained of all news-agents, price 1s. 3d. each, in strong and elegant cloth, gilt lettered. THE PEOPLE'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY.-The demand for this work has been so much greater than we anticipated or were prepared for, that our publisher has been unable to supply many of his country correspondents. Several hundred copies were disposed of on the day of publication. Our A binder is now zealously engaged in completing the first edition, and after this date all our provincial agents will keep a supply "on hand." R. W. M. D.-We must see you. If you prefer the "Itch Institution," in Bridge Street, Blackfriars, it would be more preferable to us that you went there. We suppose a "decoction of salts" to be the "broth" of a corned round of beef.

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JUVENIS.-By proper moral, medical, and dietetical management, all that you wish for may be obtained. Second-We are obliged by your suggestion, but we have not the most remote idea of giving a sheet, or supplement in the French language, gratis, with the Journal." We are quite content with our position as an English physician, enjoying a fair share of the confidence of his own countrymen; and we hope the thousands of strangers who are now visiting and will visit our great city, will come and depart in health and peace.

T. O. N.-All such cases are fee cases.

"

F. A. (Oxford Street). Here is a delightful question to answer in three lines! "What is the best method of acquiring muscular strength? Temperance, exercise, iron, quinine, diet, bathing, the removal of disease or disorder, and about two thousand four hundred and three other "methods," may be successfully adopted; but what may be the one method especially required in F. A.'s case, we are unable to say, directed only in our opinion by his meagre note. F. A. had better apply to M. Robin, the celebrated Parisian conjuror, who astonishes gaping crowds in Piccadilly.

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COLNE. The oriental pills and solar elixir of the Scarborough conjuror, are the means by which a scheming adventurer supports his own existence, at the sacrifice of the health of the silly people who willingly become his dupes. Make some pills of paste and sand, call them "Zephyrian pills "-make a ''mess with rum, treacle, anniseeds, garlic, and water -call it "Lunar Elixir," advertise and puff both preparations, and you will find fools who will buy and swallow the wonderful remedies. The majority of quack medicines are not, however, so harmless as the above. JAMES HAMNETT (Radcliffe).-Your indisposition may be only the result of indigestion; it may, unfortunately, be the consequence of diseased lungs. Your letter is far too indefinite. Read the articles on the two affections in the first and second volumes of the Journal, or procure them separately.

R.

DODD (Douglas, Isle of Man).-Refer to the articles on MELANCHOLY, in Vol. 2. EDWIN MORDAUNT SPENCER (Holloway).-First, read the papers on INDIGESTION, in Vol. 1, or the Editor's small work on that complaint. Second, in some cases of "slow" digestion, "mustard and pepper" are of great utility; so is curry; in others they are hurtful. Third, we fear the subject cannot be introduced into a Family Medical Journal, however necessary it may appear to be to the mature reader. COOKERY.-We have more than once advised our readers to make food their medicine, "not medicine their food;" to those who are inclined to follow this good rule, a small and cheap book, entitled "Cookery for the Million," published by Mr. Dipple, will be a valuable help-mate. EPSILON (Woodford).-Mucus floats, pus sinks. A purulent expectoration denotes far more serious mischief than mucus or phlegm. RICHARD M. (Burnley).-The best and cheapest "Introduction to Medical Botany," is the work of Mr. CASTLE, published by Cox, in the Borough. WILLIAM (Great Portland Street).-The wax models are in Class 30, about the centre of the North-west Gallery. We have a duplicate of the Statuette, displaying the external muscles, which we shall be happy to show and explain to you.

A

GREAT INVALID (Guildford).-We never criticise another physician's prescriptions, and decline passing any opinion on those you have forwarded to us.

ANTHONY (Darlington).-Rue is an old-fashioned remedy for convulsions in children, and for nervous hysterical complaints in females. We have no experience of its utility. The "oil of rue" is a pharmaceutical preparation in the Dublin Pharmacopoeia. The dose is from two to four drops. MARY P.-Not without seeing you.

A WORKING MAN.-We should like to examine the mouth. If you will give us a "friendly call" any morning before one o'clock, we may be able to put you in the way of having done what you require.

O. P. Q.-Yes; although opposed to our general rule. WALLACE (Polygon, Southampton).—If your visit will be made at other time than the hours we announce, you had better, to avoid disappointment, write to the Editor the day previous, naming the time you will call.

UNPAID LETTERS.-We have lately had several unpaid letters. One curious correspondent at Goole, favoured us with a bottle of a quack nostrum for the cure of rheumatism to analyse, on which we had fourpence "more to pay."-Another at Colne sent us a quack's publication for perusal, for which he had not paid any postage. In future all unpaid letters will A

be refused.

A YOUNG RAKE (Bloomsbury.)-To answer your three questions, would be to encourage you in the course of dissipation you are anxious to follow with impunity.

W. E. F. (Preston).-The Alphabet of Chemistry is published by Orr, Paternoster Row. The price, about four or five shillings.

JAMES PORTER (Holborn).--We cannot recommend the dentist you refer to. Avoid the advertising gentry. Any respectable apothecary will be able to do all that you require.

R. HERBERT.-You must be satisfied with our former answer. Your friend gave you correct information. ALEXANDER *** (Goole).—First, the "Quack Medicine prescribed for Rheumatism" appears to consist of some spirituous preparation of guaiacum. See a little hint to you elsewhere. Second, we do not intend "adding a cover to each number, and charging twopence." Third, it is injurious to swallow pills that are coated with silver leaf. The practice is becoming obsolete.

A STRANGER IN LONDON (Bradford).-Lloyd Square is within a quarter of an hour's walk of the Great Northern Railway Station-an eightpenny cab

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JAMES BUTTERWORTH (York).—The citrate of iron is not a pharmaceutical preparation, although a very valuable one. You can procure it of any respectable druggist.

M.

TAILOR (Philpot Street).—Take more exercise and less gin; you will then have an appetite for proper food, and the money wherewithal to procure

it.

S. H. (Manchester Square).-The Journal "comes out" with the punctuality of a chronometer, every Tuesday at 2 o'clock. Your bookseller should deliver it at your house before 5 P. M.

F. D. (Pickering).-You will find a long article on the treatment of TAPE WORMS in No. 16, page 125, Vol. 1.

A NEW SUBSCRIBER.-The articles on ANATOMY were commenced in No. 53. HEALTH OF LONDON DURING THE WEEK.-The present state of publie health is far from being satisfactory. In the preceding week, though there still appeared an excess above the average, the mortality bad declined to 994 deaths: but the number in the week ending last Saturday, has again risen to 1041. The cases enumerated under the head of "Diseases of the Respiratory Organs," amount to 157. A great increase is observable in the deaths of young persons; for the number of children who died under the age of fifteen years rose from 443 in the previous week to 511 in the last. The births of 791 boys and 785 girls -in all, 1572 children, were registered.

London: Printed by JOHN CATCH POOL, of 35, Great Percy Street, Pentonville, at his Printing Office, Pemberton Row, Gough Square, for the proprietor, T. H. YEONAN, Lloyd Square; and published by GEORGE VICKERS, 28 & 29, Holywell Street, in the parish of St. Clement Danes, Strand.-Saturday, May 24, 1851.

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FIGURE XLI.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK.
A. The occipito-frontalis.
B. The levator auris.

c.

[PRICE ONE PENNY.

Wounds or injuries of the scalp which cause blood to be shed under the aponeurosis of this muscle, frequently give rise to severe pain and serious consequences. Sometimes the extravasated blood has caused a suspicion that the skull was fractured, and cases are on record in which patients have been so treated when the injury was confined to the scalp. If matter forms beneath the scalp, it should be immediately discharged with the point of a lancet, otherwise it will spread and burrow to a considerable

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extent.

Corrugator Supercilii, or muscle of the eyebrow, arises from the internal angular process of the frontal bone, and is inserted into the middle of the eyebrow, where it is confounded with the occipito-frontalis, and the obicularis palpebrarum. Its action is to draw the eyebrow downwards, and to the root of the nose; and it knits" and contracts the brow into wrinkles.

Orbicularis palpebrarum, or circular muscle of the eyelids (D, fig. xli.), arises from the outer edge of the orbitar process, and is inserted into the nasal process of the upper jaw bone. As, however, this muscle consists principally of circular fibres, its origin and insertion may be The levator labii superioris alæque nasi. considered as united. Its use is to close the

The concha, or cavity of the ear.

The compressor naris.
D. The orbicularis palpebrarum.

The zygomaticus major.

E.

G.

H.

The zygomaticus minor.

The levator anguli oris.

K. The masseter.

The occipito-frontalis (A, fig. xli.) arises from the transverse ridge of the occipital bone, passes over the upper part of the cranium, and is inserted into the eye-brow and the skin around it. In size it is a considerable muscle, and has a tendonous expansion, called an aponeurosis that covers the whole scalp. Its use is to elevate the eyebrows, to raise the scalp, and it wrinkles the forehead. Mr. Abernethy, in describing this muscle to his class, told the following ridiculous anecdote. He said:-It happened, in the early part of my time, to become the fashion to put half a pound of grease, and another half pound of flour, on a man's F. head-what they called hair dressing; it was the fashion, too, to bind this round with a piece I of tape, or ribbon, and make a tail of it, and it was the mode to wear their tails very thick and L. The depressor anguli oris. rather short. Now a gentleman, who possessed o. The depressor labii inferioris. great power in the motion of this occipito-fron- P. The orbicularis oris. T. The sterno-hyoideus. talis, and indeed who had extreme power in that muscle, used to go to the boxes of the theatre when Mrs. Siddons first appeared, and I don't believe there ever will be such an actress again as she was, nor do I believe there ever was her equal before her. However, when people were affected beyond all description, and when they were all drowned in tears at the performance, this chap wagged his tail enormously, and all the people burst out in a roar of laughter. In vain did they cry" turn him out, turn him out!" in vain did they cry "throw him over." When he had produced this effect on the audience, then he kept his tail quiet; but again, no sooner was their attention engaged, than wag went his tail, and re-echoed again were the bursts of laughter.

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k.

The buccinator.

M. The sterno-cleido mastoideus.

eye by bringing the eyelids together; to press the ball of the eye inwards, and to act upon the lacrymal organs, so as to assist them in the production and direction of the tears.

Levator palpebra superioris, or muscle of the upper eyelid, arises from the roof of the orbit, and is inserted into the cartilaginous margin of the upper eyelid. Its use is to raise the upper eyelid.

Levator auris, or atollens aurem, or the ear lifter (B, fig. xli.), is of a triangular figure, situated on the temple above the ear. It arises by a broad tendonous expansion, from the tendon of the occipito frontalis, covers the temporal muscle, and in its passage downwards forms a small fleshy slip, which becomes gradually narrower, and is inserted into the upper part of the root of the cartilage of the ear. Its use is to give tension to the part into which it is inserted, and to raise the ear. In some persons this muscle has great power, and others are without the ability to

move the ear.

Attrahens auris is the muscle that draws up the ear; it is situated before the ear, and has the same form as the preceding one. The outer surface of this muscle is covered by the skin, the inner is situated upon the temporal muscle and temporal artery. It arises from the aponeurosis of the scalp, and is inserted into the cartilage of the ear: its use is to draw the ear upwards and forwards.

Retrahens auris draws the ear backwards. It is situated behind the ear, and extends from the mastoid process of the temporal bone, from which it is separated by cellular membrane, to the back of the ear. It frequently consists of two small bundles of fibres, and is there described as two muscles. Its use is to stretch the concha, or cavity of the ear, so named from its resemblance to a shell (c, fig. xli.), and, in some persons, to draw back the ear.

The great surgeon and anatomist from whom we have already quoted, says :-With respect to the muscles of the ear, the external ear can be lifted up by them, and drawn backward and forward; but to say the truth, these muscles are very often inactive. We have the powers given to us by nature by which they might be employed, but it would be considered very inelegant if we were to make the pinnæ of the ear stick up. We bend them down with bandages and night caps, and they are never employed. But I remember a very eminent professor, who could use his pinnæ in an extraordinary manner; I have seen him prick his ears amazingly. He was very touchy, and we could not ask him to display his powers; but I have seen him use these as I have told you. Whether he considered it as an asinine property or not, I don't know, but he would never have it spoken of. We disuse them because we live in a civilized society. We have no occasion to listen to the noise and approach of wild beasts, but savages have, and they use their cars for that purpose. It is apprehension which is the great excitement to attentive hearing. O! it is apprehension. And here I would tell you a little piece of jockeyship: if you buy a horse, if that horse is run out before you, and if the horse pricks his ears at every thing before him, if the man who sold him was to swear till he was black in the face that the horse was not a timid one, I would not believe him, because it would be a sure sign that

the horse is timid.

Compressor naris (E, fig. xli.) is attached to the outer side of the cartilage of the nose, to the adjacent part of the upper jaw bone, and on the inner side to the bridge of the nose where it meets its fellow muscle. The anterior surface is covered by the skin; the posterior lies upon the upper jaw bone and upon the cartilage of the nose. Its use is to compress the nostrils, as in smelling; it also corrugates the skin of the nose, and assists in expressing certain passions and emotions: it is also the muscle that most assists in "turning up the nose." Its power is very considerable, as we all experience in sneezing.

Levator labii superioris alæque nasi (G, fig. xli.), which, being translated, means the raiser of the upper lip, also the alæ (the cartilaginous sides) of the nostril. This muscle is attached by a small tendon to the nasal process of the upper jaw bone, and as it approaches the nose, it is spread out into two portions, one of which is inserted into the cartilage of the nostrils, the other into the upper lip. The anterior surface is placed beneath the skin, and at its upper part is concealed by the circular muscles of the eye lids (D, fig. xli.). The posterior surface is connected with the muscle last described. Its use is to raise the upper lip in opening the mouth, and to raise the wings of the nose in dilating the nostrils.

Depressor labii superioris alæque nasi. This muscle is the antagonist of the former one. It is a small fleshy bundle of fibres, placed beneath the ala of the nose. Superiorly it is attached to the nose, inferiorly to the upper jaw bone immediately

above the upper incisor teeth, at the side of the furrow of the lip. The contraction of this muscle draws down the upper lip and the nostrils. Levator anguli oris (1, fig. xli.). This muscle is very thin and fleshy, and is situated near the middle of the face; it arises from the superior part of the upper jaw bone, and is inserted into the upper lip at its angle. Its action is to raise the corner of the mouth, as in laughing, and the expressing of joy.

Zygomaticus minor (H, fig. xli.) is not found in all subjects; it is situated at the side of the muscle just described; it arises from the upper part of the cheek bone, and is attached to the corner of the mouth. Its action is to draw the upper lip outwards and upwards, as in smiling.

Zygomaticus major (F, fig. xli.) is situated at the side of the face, on the outer side of the minor muscle; it is larger, and has nearly the same attachments, and the same action. These two muscles, from their power in changing the expression of the mouth, and as a consequence that of the whole countenance also, are sometimes called the distorting muscles.

Orbicularis oris, or circular muscle of the mouth (P, fig. xli.): the form of this muscle is elliptical; its fibres are found in the substance of the lips, and is completely interlaced and confounded with those other muscles which terminate near the angle of the mouth. The skin adheres firmly to the anterior surface of this muscle, and its posterior surface is lined by the mucous membrane of the mouth, and its free edge is covered by the red membrane of the lips. Its connexion with the other muscles of the face is intricate. It is an antagonist to the other muscles of the lips; it is a true sphincter muscle, contracting the aperture of the mouth, and its action is evident in playing the flute, in sucking, masticating, &c.

Depressor anguli oris, the depressor of the angle of the mouth (L, fig. xli.). This muscle is of a triangular form, situated at the lower part of the face; it arises from the external oblique line of the lower jaw, and is inserted into the angle of the mouth. It depresses the angle of the mouth, and in its action expresses grief.

Depressor labii inferioris, the depressor of the lower lip (o, fig. xli.). This is a thin and nearly square muscle; inferiorly it is attached to the lower jaw, superiorly to the lower lip, where its fibres are confounded with the orbicularis. The use of this muscle is to pull the lower lip downwards; its action expresses sorrow and melancholy.

(To be continued.)

TREATMENT OF ACUTE MANIA.

M. Brierre de Boismont has come to the following conclusions respecting the treatment of acute insanity :1. All the forms of acute insanity, especially of mania, admit of cure in a period of one or two weeks.

2. The treatment should consist in the application of tepid baths (from 82° to 86°), for a period of ten or twelve hours at a time, gradually increased to fifteen or eighteen hours' duration.

3. The patient should be, at the same time, sprinkled with cold water, and unless he his quite tranquil, this should be continued during the whole of the period that he is in the bath. 4. When eight or ten such baths have been taken without manifest improvement, the treatment may be suspended and afterwards resumed.

5. Of all forms of insanity, this treatment is most effectual in cases of acute mania, then in simple acute delirium, delirium tremens, puerperal mania, and acute melancholia.

6. Chronic mania has been benefited, but not cured, by this form of treatment.—Journal de Médecine.

THE TREATMENT OF WOUNDS.

(Continued from pag: 163.)

THE BITE OF A MAD DOG-HYDROPHOBIA.

Or all the diseases to which the human frame is liable, none are so appalling as the effects produced by the bite of a rabid dog: not, however, that the disease is confined to dogs, for foxes, wolves, and cats, are also supposed to be spontaneously affected by, or to generate, the disease, as if they had a peculiar idiocyncrasy rendering them liable to its development. Neither is rabies confined to carnivorous animals, for cattle, and even birds, are capable of being contaminated with this animal poison, when inoculated with the bite of other rabid animals, although it is believed they never generate the disease; and some doubt is even thrown upon their power of communicating it to others, although it may prove destructive to themselves.

Man has never been known to communicate the disease to another.

A dog afflicted with madness shows certain indications of this disease with which it is necessary we should be acquainted. The early signs are very obscure, and it is far from an invariable symptom that he shows a horror of lapping water or other fluids, since many instances are recorded of mad dogs not only drinking freely, but actually swimming across rivers. Dr. James relates the case of a mad dog that drank both milk and water, and swam through a pond. A rabid dog may be generally known by his peculiar appearance and gait, presenting, indeed, such an unnatural manner as to attract attention. You will observe him continuing his course onwards, as if he had no motive in his progression, with his head and tail hanging down, looking half ashamed of himself. He seems to take but little notice of any thing which does not offer an hindrance to his course, but at each obstacle of his obstruction he snaps, and continues his way. If he raises suspicions from these appearances, and is tied up, he will become extremely restless, hardly sleeping for an instant. Perhaps obedient to his master's voice for a short time, and showing the usual signs of recognition, he will suddenly snap at him, or anything near him, or even at the air. He devours his own excrement, licks up his own urine, stares suspiciously around him, and moves from place to place as far his chain will permit him. When he barks his voice is quite altered; his eyes suffused and red; his mouth covered with thick saliva; his tongue swollen and dry; his countenance most painfully distressed and anxious; his hind quarters drooping; his consciousness begins to fail him; he mutters growling snarls, seems as if dying, then starting up at some supposed object of terror, he bites at it, and falls exhausted. Another and another paroxysm attacks him, each weaker than the other; and at last worn out, he dies. It is said that while dogs are in a state of rabies they are quite insensible to pain, and instances are given of mad dogs seizing a red hot poker and holding it in their mouths until dreadfully burnt.

Mr. Youatt says the earliest period at which he has known rabies to occur in the dog after being bitten was fourteen days, and he supposes the average time to be between five and six weeks, but he has known it come on as late as seven months after inoculation.

A dog, and it is supposed any other animal suffering under the symptoms just, described, is capable of producing the disease in the human subject by inflicting a wound with his teeth; and, it is supposed, even by applying his saliva to any part of the body..

The period at which the symptoms occur after the inoculation of the poison in the human subject, varies from twenty days to as distant a period as eighteen months..

:

The symptoms which occur are usually in the following order -a pain is first felt in the seat of the original wound: the scar feels stiff, numb, and sometimes cold, and there is a tingling sensation in the limb affected. The original wound not unfrequently becomes hot and throbbing, the scar opens, and discharges à sanious or ichorous effusion. The patient experiences usually at this period extreme depression of spirits, and without the expression of any positive suffering, describes a feeling of dread, and the conviction that some awful calamity will befal him: this mental depression seems even to haunt those who, although affected, have no suspicion or dread of hydrophobia. The peculiar symptoms of the disease now begin to develop themselves: a stiffness about the neck and throat is complained of; the patient becomes hurried and irritable in his manner; speaks of a difficulty and dread of attempting to swallow, the very thought of which produces a spasmodic paroxysm. A breath of air, the slightest noise, the agitation of fluid, each induces an aggravation of symptoms, and his mental powers now begin to be impaired. Although at lucid intervals he warns the medical attendant not to approach him too closely, perhaps the next moment, in sudden rage, he may attempt to bite him, or spit at him, and then apologises for the offence he has committed. Such symptoms soon exhaust the patient; and, worn out by the frequency of his paroxysms, he is rarely capable of sustaining the constitutional shock beyond from twenty-four to seventy hours, when he sinks under the disease.

As prevention is always better than cure, we will now speak of the plan which should be adopted when a person has been bitten. If there be reason to suspect that the dog was rabid, or even when there are no means of ascertaining the actual condition of the animal, the part should be immediately excised; and, to be certain that the whole extent of the poisoned surface is removed, Mr. Hunter recommended that a probe should be passed to the very depth of the tooth-impression, and the knife passed behind it, so as to remove the probe and flesh together. Sometimes, however, this may be impracticable, from the vicinity of large vessels, in which case the knife should be used as far as it is safe, and caustic applied to the rest of the surface.

If persons should foolishly object to have the poisoned part cut away, we should then place in the wound a small piece of the potassa fusa, which will readily dissolve, and becoming liquid, its cauterizing influence will be communicated to each part of the wound, and thus destroy the influence of the poison. If the skin be only grazed by the animal's tooth, a portion extending at least a quarter of an inch beyond the slightest appearance of the graze, should be cut out, and then caustic applied. Caustic alone should never be relied on, if it be possible to remove the injured parts with the knife, and there are very few parts where the knife cannot be employed. And above all things, NEVER trust any of the remedies which have been said to be capable of preventing hydrophobia, short of the knife and caustic. As yet there is no authentic account of any remedy except the knife and caustic having been effectual for dog-madness. Mr. South says, "I do not think I am wrong in advising, where the finger has been bitten, and there is no possibility of medical assistance, to chop it off, which any one can do with a mallet and chisel. The danger is so urgent, the consequences so dreadful, that any mutilation is warrantable, and should be submitted to in hope of escaping this frightful disease."

If the treatment we have now described be adopted immediately after the bite, there can be but little fear of future ill effects. It is supposed by some persons, that incision of the parts bitten may be beneficially performed at any period prior to the development of the disease, as it is believed that the constitution is not generally affected until the disease is "hatched" in the seat of the

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