I mentioned these three programs the National Training Laboratories training program conducted by interuniversity, interdisciplinary staff teams, the New York State Citizens' Council, and Southern Illinois University's community program-to suggest that there are in existence programs where there is already interest in a service corps and where there is a body of experience and resources to help train and place the corpsmen.

You have heard testimony previously on other university programs as potential sources of help in developing and using a Service Corps. My major purpose in coming here today is not only to support the idea of a service corps but also to stress the importance the critical importance, I believe of building into the program an adequate training emphasis. May I first say a few words about why the proposed program seems to me to ring a very loud bell.

The literature on the community is filled today with despairing remarks on the fact that we have lost our sense of community, without which no civilization can long survive, that communities are disintegrating in rural as well as in urban America, that our social technology has not kept pace with technological change, and that we have found no replacements for traditional social mechanisms for solving community problems through collaborative action.

We face, particularly in large urban cities, problems that are so big and so complex that citizen participation seems impotent to take significant action or to play a real role in making decisions.

At the same time that the individual is further and further removed from significant participation, behavioral science tells us that man has a deep and basic need to serve, to belong to a community, to take social responsibility, to become involved and personally engaged in something that he can feel is important.

We see all too vividly the demoralization of young people who drift into trouble without significant employment or responsibility and who have become alienated from adult society. We see the demoralization and waste of human resources of older people who have outlived their jobs, but not their need to contribute and to use the talents and resources which they still possess. And while human resources are underutilized, we see communities with mounting problems, both physical and social.

The national service program represents, potentially, a bold attack on these problems and an imaginative use of available resources. I do not see the program as a substitute or replacement for programs already underway.

I believe that it can be designed and administered in such a way that existing agencies, many of them pitifully understaffed, could use the program to dramatize the problems they now encounter when they try to link volunteer action with professional service and when they try to recruit and work with volunteers.

I believe the range of activities that the corpsmen might engage in is very wide. I believe they could, for instance, play an active part in helping in-migrants in our cities learn ways of the city. I believe they could help lonely, isolated, aged people by visiting with them and helping them on specific problems.

In so doing they might demonstrate that the growing distance between young and old in our communities might be bridged with values

resulting to both groups. I believe the corpsmen could make significant contributions toward lessening the problem of juvenile delinquency by working with existing programs which are seriously understaffed.

They might, for example, work under supervision with gangs in urban neighborhoods. They might help man volunteer neighborhood cleanup programs, providing leadership, example, know-how. They might tutor students having difficulty with school and perhaps prevent dropouts. They might interview people who, for whatever reason, feel that their talents are not being utilized and they might, through local agencies, help in referrals. They might assist teachers, social workers, youth workers, church workers, and many others who are professionally competent, but overloaded.

I believe the problem will not be devising ways in which corpsmen can make a valuable contribution to community life. I believe the more urgent problem will be how to prepare the corpsmen for what will be a challenging and often a difficult assignment.

The proposed service program is consistent with some of the traditional characteristics of American community life. These might be described (as the visiting Frenchman de Tocqueville did over a hundred years ago) as a volunteerism, civic spirit, and involvement. As life has grown more complex and as our problems require more and more highly specialized skills and knowledges, it has become increasingly necessary to add to these three forces a fourth requirement. I refer to a new kind of training-training for community action. Good intentions are not enough.

I believe that the ceiling as to how far the service program can go will be set by the extent to which it builds in an adequate program of training. I believe that if this can be done, it will not only help assure the effectiveness of the progam but that it will point the way toward the kind of training and development that should be built into any local development program, whether concerned primarily with community renewal, mental health, better schools, economic development, delinquency prevention, or any other area of major community need. The Service Corps might well serve to increase the impact of a wide range of programs through dramatizing the need for better training and demonstrating how this need can be met.

NTL's experience over the past 17 years of conducting training programs staffed by a national network of behavioral scientists located at universities across the country indicate that there is (a) a body of tested experience and (b) a considerable number of competent behavioral scientists available for extending this experience to a national service program.

A CHALLENGING ROLE

It would seem to me a great mistake and hazard to underestimate, in our enthusiasm for the national service program, the difficulties the corpsmen will encounter and the complexity of their role.

They may-and probably will-have to cope with the fears and uncertainties of local agents who may see the corpsmen as an invasion. Missionary zeal and good intentions will not be enough. The corpsmen will be dealing with volunteer workers who cannot be coerced into change, or with community professionals with long years of ex

perience. The effective corpsmen will need to understand the pressures and possible anxieties of local leaders. He will need to understand and manage his own anxieties. He will need to be able to listen. He will need to be able to approach in an orderly way, to look for alternatives rather than for the answer. He will need to be able to find his own rewards in achievement by others rather than in applause for his own contribution. He will need to be able to communicate his real intentions and to behave in ways that community leaders will see as consistent with these stated intentions.

He will need to be able to check with others on how they see what he is trying to do. He will need to be able to relate to all kinds of people of all ages, many occupations, many points of view, many philosophies of community work.

Of particular importance, the corpsman will need to be able to work effectively in small groups-committees, work teams, neighborhood groups, and so forth. He will need to develop skill in diagnosing what is keeping a group from making decisions, from developing effective teamwork, from moving from talking to acting.

TRAINING GOALS

In summary, it would seem to me that the corpsmen will need to develop skill and insight along these broad lines (in addition to specifiic competence in some area-education, social work, youth work, and so forth):

(1) Self-understanding and awareness (of his own motivations, his own anxieties, his characteristic ways of dealing with people, and so forth).

(2) Sensitivity to others (their needs, their response to him, and so forth).

(3) Skill in small group processes (how they make decisions, communicate, get participation, and so forth).

(4) Understanding of processes that operate in the larger organization, in neighborhoods, and in the community at large (who makes decisions, how groups communicate with one another, where the real power lies, and so forth).

(5) Understanding of how change is brought about (in oneself, in others, in organizations, in the community).

Some more specific training goals would need to include:

(1) Clear understanding of the purposes of the Service Corps. (2) Information about basic principles of human behavior as they relate to leadership, to group behavior, to relations between groups. (3) Information and knowledge about basic problems of change. (4) Information and knowledge about differences between social, ethnic groups and how to communicate across cultural differences. (5) Insight about one's own feelings and behavior.

(6) Ability to react effectively under stress and emergency and pos

sible conflict.

(7) Ability to test reactions of others to one's own behavior. (8) Ability to conduct and lead meetings.

(9) Ability to consult with others whether in the role of giving or receiving help.

(10) Ability to perform a variety of specific skills (running a projector, a tape recorder, make visual aids, record meetings, and so forth).

A SUGGESTED TRAINING APPROACH

I would like to propose that a demonstration or experimental training program be built into the service program so that the effectiveness of training along behavioral lines might be tested.

A training design should include data collection of data before and after training, and after some community work by the trainees so that any increase in effectiveness could be compared with corpsmen going into communities without such training.

I would propose that the demonstration training should be built upon the body of training experience accumulated over the past two decades. I refer specifically to the work coordinated by the National Training Laboratories but conducted by inter-university, interdisciplinary staff teams. The trainers would be carefully chosen behavioral scientists with experience in community leadership training.

The training would include:

(1) Experimental group situations in which the trainees engage in the development of a work group starting without imposed

structure.

(2) Participative cases and role playing situations anticipating the kinds of problems the corpsmen will probably encounter.

(3) Practice experiences focusing on leadership skills and skills of relating to others.

(4) Planning and application groups in which corpsmen think ahead to ways of handling realistic future situations.

(5) Information sessions presenting knowledge about individual, group, organizational, and community change.

(6) Opportunity to read and discuss pertinent writing.

Over the past two decades members of major universities across the country have helped to develop the kind of training proposed here. The National Training Laboratories (NTL), for example, draws its staff from 150 scientists-social scientists, behavorial scientists-largely located on university campuses who have agreed to serve as staff on specific training projects of from 1 to 3 weeks in duration.

Current discussions are moving toward a more closely organized association of universities with an interest in behavioral science and training.

This represents a potential source of widely distributed resources for building training into the proposed Service Corps. It would be entirely possible for the Service to tap this already developing

resource.

Thank you very much.

Senator BURDICK. Thank you very much for a fine statement. Mr. M. E. Peterson is our next witness.

Mr. Peterson, it is a pleasure for me to welcome you to the subcommittee this morning. My colleagues, Mr. Peterson is superintendent of public instruction from my State of North Dakota.

STATEMENT OF M. F. PETERSON, SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, NORTH DAKOTA

Mr. PETERSON. Thank you, Senator.

It may interest you to know, Senator Burdick, and others, that I am here at the invitation of President Kennedy to visit the White House this afternoon and participate in, I suppose, a lecture on civil rights. Several educators from throughout the country have been invited here, and to my knowledge, there are three of us from North Dakota who have been invited to attend the meeting this afternoon. I appreciate the opportunity this morning to say a word about something that is important in the United States and important in our own State of North Dakota.

We do have an Indian problem in North Dakota. I have an opportunity from time to time to travel about the State. As a matter of fact, just last week I was down on the Sioux County Indian Reservation and visited the city of Fort Yates. I can plainly see that this program-National Service Corps-would be an invaluable service as far as the Indian population is concerned in our State.

I am very glad to note the objective of this legislation is not to replace existing personnel or existing employees, but rather to enhance what we are already doing and to help the Indians find a better place for themselves in our State.

I really have no further comment unless there are some questions, Senator, that you would like to ask.

Senator BURDICK. Can you see some real benefit flowing from this legislation to the Indian reservations?

Mr. PETERSON. Yes, I surely can.

Senator BURDICK. Thank you very much.

Mr. PETERSON. Thank you, Senator.

Senator BURDICK. We are pleased to hear a statement from Senator Humphrey.

STATEMENT OF HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF MINNESOTA

Senator HUMPHREY. Mr. Chairman, I am privileged to appear before your subcommittee to urge the approval of S. 1321, a bill to establish a National Service Corps.

First, let me congratulate the chairman of this subcommittee, the distinguished Senator from New Jersey, Mr. Williams, who, by sponsoring this legislation, again has demonstrated his steadfast concern for the millions of deprived Americans living in the midst of a society characterized by abundance and affluence. His determined efforts in behalf of the migrant laborers, for example, have demonstrated the depth of his concern for these human problems. The same motivation has led the chairman to sponsor this legislation. Every Member of Congress and every American owes Senator Williams a strong vote of confidence for these selfless and dedicated efforts to improve the economic and social conditions of these less fortunate members of our society.

Second, as one of the initial proponents of the oversea Peace Corps and sponsor of the Senate bill to establish the Peace Corps on a permanent basis, I strongly associate myself with the concept of personal