within the framework of law and order. They continue within the legitimate framework hoping to improve their children in the next generation.

We are losing much of the beneficial influence of that school system as a result of the inadequate motivation resulting from the inadequate performance and through the differential and degrading treatment of the underprivileged children.

Corpsmen helping out through tutorial services and auxiliary services can help to make the school experience of many of our underprivileged children somewhat more meaningful and thereby keep the school system a source of opportunity more open than it might otherwise be. I think that if we don't wish to encourage, or actually to invite, much more social trouble than we now have, firmer, more resolute and forceful utilization of the opportunities of the impact of education upon young people is a desperate and crying need. To this extent the corpsmen could make a very important contribution.

I repeat we can't count on being lucky too long. We dare not trust in our luck. We had better move as quickly as possible in the direction already indicated.

One would also hope that the Corps once in motion would serve as a model and an inspiration to both young and old in the community to take more social responsibility onto their shoulders, and to stop taking the stand of, "Let George do it, it is not my business." It would awaken the conscience of the people who are quite willing to make a verbal statement of what is right, but when the chips are down and their self-interest is at stake, are unwilling to sacrifice their selfinterest on behalf of the welfare of the community.

I think that type of leadership could help in the community by serving as a model of good citizenship, and this seems to me is one of the major positive influences of the program.

Senator WILLIAMS. I am particularly glad you ended on that note, because one of the persistent lines of attack on this program has been that it is inadequate in terms of numbers. Critics say that it is almost worthless considering the social need. But we feel that 5,000 volunteers in this Corps, doing the job I think they can do, will be, as you suggest, an example which will draw more people into social service. Professor TUMIN. I hope so.

Senator WILLIAMS. Certainly in the tutorial program which Ron Glick described, if there were a few full-time people to give it continuity, and run the organization, it would be very helpful.

I wonder if in your life in anthropology and sociology you have had opportunities to observe life in Indian reservations?

Professor TUMIN. I had an opportunity to observe an Indian village, but it was not in the United States.

Senator WILLIAMS. One of the specific problems we feel that this program would respond to is the wretched life on many of the reservations.

This subcommittee is going on a field trip to some reservations out West. I haven't been out there for a long time, but I know there is a true need there for people to help the unskilled and the uneducated in many ways.

Professor TUMIN. I may say, Senator, that one of the constant doubts expressed by some people is that the energy, interest, and

money poured into this program will detract from the energy and the attention that ought to be poured at the same time into the more fundamental institutional rearrangements required.

It is not an unreasonable kind of doubt and worry to express, and one would hope that this kind of hearing and the subsequent legislation that might develop would help to dramatize this need.

Senator WILLIAMS. We are very grateful to you.

We are most honored to have with us Rev. David McAlpin, Jr. We are very pleased that he is able to testify.

STATEMENT OF REV. DAVID H. MCALPIN, JR., PRESIDENT OF THE MERCER COUNTY ASSOCIATION FOR MENTAL HEALTH

Reverend MCALPIN. My name is David H. McAlpin, Jr., minister and associate pastor to the Witherspoon Presbyterian Church, and president of the Mercer County Association for Mental Health.

I could speak about innumerable areas of need. However, I think that you are most interested in mental health, and so I will confine my remarks to that field.

From my knowledge of the situation in this county and in the Trenton State Hospital, I can say that there would be immediate opportunities for additional personnel, such as the youth service program or the national service program will provide in both public and private agencies.

For instance, the Trenton State Hospital is developing an extended educational, recreational, and social program for their children in the hospital.

Such a program requires a great degree of adult participation because, in addition to the medical treatment of these patients, the hospital has to provide the normal child rearing education services that a school and home would provide.

The State would not and could not provide in the near future for this kind of care out of its budget, but volunteer corpsmen could be very useful in organizing recreational activities, and in assisting the teachers in the educational programs. I think they could also be of assistance to the basic hospital personnel in the supervision of the children.

It is also a fact that the number of available occupational therapists is much lower than the demand, and that corpsmen working under the direction of trained occupational therapists could help a great deal to fill the gap between the number of therapists actually available and in regular paid positions and the number that are needed. Now, I would like to turn to the realm of the private agencies. The mental health associations work cooperatively with hospitals and other public institutions.

For instance, when a patient comes out of the hospital, the Mental Health Association tries to provide aftercare or rehabilitation services to the patient.

Our association has had in its budget for several years a social worker to work in this area, but we have never had the funds to pay the worker.

We also intended to use a social worker or somebody with these skills to follow up with referrals of people in trouble, and so forth.

There would be, in other words, a potential service which the corpsmen could provide to the mental health associations.

I think that I have said enough to indicate that I think there is a real potential here for the service of these corpsmen.

Senator WILLIAMS. I take it that it is your hope that your association can be helpful to people after they have been discharged from an institution and during the followup period after the hospital experience?

Reverend MCALPIN. Yes. I haven't mentioned such a thing as a halfway house, because we are a long way from having one in this area. But we need a place to which the patients could go after the hospital, but before actually being set loose to cope with all the problems of life in the community.

Senator WILLIAMS. I think you have helped a great deal. You have described some of the guidelines for service corps activity which will help to meet some of the expressed objections to this bill.

These mental health associations are now developing all over the country, aren't they?

Reverend MCALPIN. We have 500 or 600 already. And there are new ones forming.

Senator WILLIAMS. Do you really think it is practical to consider these associations as applicants for corpsmen to work with patients after their hospital days are over?

Reverend MCALPIN. Yes, I do. This would presume that the program which the Mental Health Association had in mind was a sound program. In other words, that it had the proper medical supervision and guidance and that it had also the proper staffing by a paid staff.

In other words, I would not foresee a corpsmen coming in and taking charge of a project for which he was not professionally qualified, but I could see him working under responsible personnel in such a project.

Senator WILLIAMS. Does the Mercer County Mental Health Association have professional people working now or is it a hope that you have that you will be able to afford them?

Reverend MCALPIN. We have a person, the executive director of the association, who operates a program for patients returning from the hospital. This program is not a medical or a psychologically oriented program, so the answer is that he is a professional executive, but not a professional doctor, social worker, or psychologist.

Senator WILLIAMS. I wonder if there was the possibility of getting backstop volunteers behind a professional man, whether your association might be able to raise funds more easily for a professional.

It would stimulate greater giving if it were realistic. The program would not only have professional direction, but you would have some volunteers to follow the direction of the professional.

Reverend MCALPIN. Without knowing any of the details, I certainly would be very open to this concept, and I am sure that it could be done. There are so many different approaches to such a program that you must be able to find one that could be satisfactory in the overall.

And if we could get a halfway house started, it would be a place where a corpsmen could have his work concentrated and where he would be related to the proper professional people. There are such houses in other areas.

Senator WILLIAMS. I would make the observation that we are at long last beginning to give proper attention to the awful problems of mental illness.

We passed a mental health bill in the Senate 2 weeks ago which would provide Federal grants for the construction of facilities.

There was absolutely no objection to this bill when we finally acted on it and this was an encouraging sign. I think you have opened our eyes to another very, very worthy volunteer effort in the after care of mental patients. We are very grateful, Reverend McAlpin, for your time.

Reverend MCALPIN. The mental health associations are solidly behind these community mental health acts. We hope they become law. Senator WILLIAMS. Thank you.

Mayor Holland of the city of Trenton is a friend of the Congress. He comes to Washington frequently to help us.

Proceed any way you would desire. We know it will be very helpful.

STATEMENT OF HON. ARTHUR HOLLAND, MAYOR OF TRENTON, N.J.

Mayor HOLLAND. Senator, I am sure you can attest to the fact that the longer we work with urban renewal programs the more we realize that people are more important than buildings.

The finest new building, if not properly utilized, would soon assume the atmosphere of the blight it replaced. More importantly, if the buildings which were replaced had been properly maintained, the replacement in most cases would not have been necessary.

One of Trenton's finest houses is our oldest, the William Trent House, which was built in 1790.

Almost invariably the poorly maintained houses are occupied by the ignorant and the unmotivated.

It is these people primarily who are in the need of renewal. They must be inspired and educated. The proposed National Service Corps could help do this.

By example and through guidance, members of a Domestic Peace Corps could do much to revitalize our old big cities.

Recently Trenton has had projects with which a National Service Corps could have cooperated. I am sure you heard about this earlier and you will hear more of it before this hearing is concluded. Princeton University students tutored potential Trenton school dropouts. The city government in partnership with the Trenton school system sponsored a good housekeeping course in connection with a fixupcleanup campaign. Almost all communities can benefit from such programs. Cities in transition, such as Trenton, are in special needs of these projects. In a sense the old cities are a new frontier.

While ideally we should take care of our own, many of those who could be most helpful have left the city. We can use, until the trend back to the city is established, the help of idealistic, energetic people, young and old, who would volunteer under a National Service Corps program to be of service.

Such a corps would become a great force for the human renewal which is the only lasting foundation upon which our new buildings can be erected.

Senator WILLIAMS. Well, in speaking of the new buildings and the physical renewal of the city, I do not know any city that surpasses yours in the need for the renewal of old areas that have slipped into slum and decay.

Mayor HOLLAND. We appreciate your interest, especially in the Josephson Apartments for the elderly.

Senator WILLIAMS. I don't know of any other program where people more warmly give many, many hours than in one which deals with people, in which people who have spirit and ability can be of service to people who are dispirited, without ability, and need help. The old cliche can be said again, and it doesn't embarrass me, "This is a people-to-people program.

And to have you, the mayor of one of our major cities, describing the need in your community for additional volunteers is to set the record straight for those who feel that to have a program like this is to say that we are failing without it.

Well, we are not failing. We just haven't been able to fully meet all of the needs.

Mayor HOLLAND. I think one way I could put it is that the old cities, such as ours, are in a state of crisis. We literally need rebuilding in every respect, and in order to do this best we need to bring to bear upon the problems all of the forces that can be centered upon them. In this sense, I see the proposed corps as one more aid in this fight, and I see nothing but good coming from it. It is not only a question of what can be done for Trenton by corpsmen coming into our community. I think it makes sense to expect that as a result of this program you will have improved communities. You will have young people who will come under the influence of corpsmen who could some day go out to other cities and other areas which will be in need as Trenton now is.

Senator WILLIAMS. There is one area that we haven't mentioned in the hearings to any extent. I would imagine in your city you have a great number of families in which both mother and father are employed, and families in which there are youngsters in infancy or of early school age. It seems to me this is an area of great family anxiety, and that this program could bring care and guidance to the youngsters after school or while the parents are both away at work.

Mayor HOLLAND. Senator, in that connection I have with me today our director of health, education, and welfare, and we hope to propose by the time we appear before Congressman Thompson's committee a project for the city of Trenton which would endeavor to meet this need.

We would establish youth centers which could help care for children in need of supervision. While it is true there is this need, the children of broken homes are even more in need, and we have our share of those. I see this program meeting many aspects of need.

Senator WILLIAMS. Certainly if there is a person with professional skills running one of these services in a community, other volunteers will respond if there is true organization and focus. These Princeton students have demonstrated that very remarkably this morning.

Mayor HOLLAND. It has made a great impression on the city of Trenton.

Senator WILLIAMS. That's excellent, Mayor Holland, and we are proud of the work you are doing in the city of Trenton.