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on top, and that was it. And in that one little cell lived a family of five people.

This is not unusual. In this one camp there were at least three or four families of that size living in these cells.

The camp was situated on a farm and it had been raining quite heavily during the last few days. Of course, the mosquitoes were bad and there were paper cartons stuffed in the windows so that the mosquitoes would not come in. It must have been pretty grim in there, I should think; most of the time the workers were sitting out front, where there was a ditch with waste running through it.

The children appeared to be fairly healthy, but usually in the daytime they were not too well watched.

This is not an unusual situation, and I would like to stress that the need is very great. We had 23,000 migrants in New Jersey last year; 9,000 of them were Puerto Ricans who are brought up under contract and make anywhere from $15 to $45 a week. They have to pay their way up and pay their way back.

Very often the farmer will pay their way up, but they have to repay the farmer for their passage from Puerto Rico.

Of course, the standard of living is so much less in Puerto Rico that it is worth their while, and I suppose the unemployment problem is bad in Puerto Rico. Their Government has a contract with our Government, and they usually get the better camps.

Our domestic agricultural workers have no protection at all. They come up from the South, following the migrant stream, and are exempted from almost all the protective laws.

I think in New Jersey we are considerably advanced as far as the migrants are concerned. We have a migrant farm labor bureau and a migrant labor law, and this does make it possible for the camps to be supervised by the State government.

We have a problem there too, because the inspectors have a tremendous job to do. Very often they can't get to all the camps and, therefore, you find these terrible situations.

Senator WILLIAMS. I am glad you described the environment and the life of the migratory families, and you did it very eloquently. Mrs. HAWKINS. I think Douglass College girls did a tremendous job.

Senator WILLIAMS. I do too. I went down to one of their locations, they were teaching the youngsters how to swim and some crafts, and even folk singing.

If a group of really dedicated and highly enthusiastic people, such as the students at Douglass College were, had a trained leader for their group, I think their work would be a lot more effective.

Mrs. HAWKINS. I think Peace Corps training would be excellent. One thing they are up against is the public attitude in these areas. After all, these people are being exploited and are being paid very small amounts of money for what they do.

People have to justify this kind of exploitation and therefore they say that these people love this gypsy life, and that they are like the proverbial school teacher who teaches because she loves to teach and doesn't care about the salary.

Senator WILLIAMS. You know, I have heard this glossing over of the awful social wrongs that exist in this community, and I agree with

you, that it is only a justification. The fact is that the needs are very great.

You are familiar with that tragic accident that happened in Florida 3 or 4 weeks ago.

Mrs. HAWKINS. Oh, yes, What was it, 27 migrant workers? That's another problem your bill on transportation would cover beautifully. Senator WILLIAMS. The greatest tragedy of that accident was that 12 of those who died were youngsters, the youngest being 4. The reason they were on that bus returning from the fields was that their parents were both harvesters and pickers, and there was no one to take care of them at home or back in their wretched housing. One of our first hopes is that this program will be useful in bringing day care attention to migratory farm kids. If it does, it will truly save an immense amount of anguish.

Mrs. HAWKINS. Oh, yes, I should say.

Senator WILLIAMS. I would like to make one other observation, too, about the migratory farm problems that you have enumerated. These people are out of sight of our settled communities, and being out of sight are pretty much out of mind.

I gave a talk at the Old South Church in Boston a few years ago and described the life in a migratory farm camp. At one point I mentioned that I had seen these conditions in a farm camp in New Jersey, which was within sight of the spires of Princeton. There was a woman there from Princeton Borough who said, "I am shocked. I didn't know that we had any of these families in our community."

We must illuminate the need and then, of course, we must have a system of meeting it. This proposal is one of the beginnings, I think, of a pretty good system.

Mrs. HAWKINS. I was in one of the potato farm camps last year, or the year before last. They were having a rough time because the potato market had dropped, and the farmers were not digging potatoes. The crews were up there, but they weren't making any money. One of the men said to us, "The only way to beat this is to scrounge around the fields and eat what you can get. If you go in debt later you are sunk for the rest of the summer." That is what they have to do in these circumstances.

Senator WILLIAMS. We recently had an example of this situation. We had had a very close association with Father John Wagner, whose parish is San Antonio. In his community hundreds of migratory farm workers spend their winter, their off season, and most of them are unemployed in the winter. There is 1 unskilled job for every 16

men.

Father Wagner came with three farmworkers from San Antonio to Washington to testify 3 weeks ago. These men were all in their 60's. None of them had worked since October, and their average income last year was about $1,100 each.

Mrs. HAWKINS. I am not surprised at all. It is a hidden and very difficult problem, and it really needs some attention such as a domestic peace corps could give it.

Senator WILLIAMS. We feel there is a role for this program in the education of the youngsters in both regular and summer schools, and in the education of the adults.

Mrs. HAWKINS. Yes, sir.

Senator WILLIAMS. We are very grateful. Let me just ask about this resolution you have submitted. This was in connection with the Youth Employment Act?

Mrs. HAWKINS. This was in connection with the Youth Service Corps, the Youth Employment Act, and the Youth Conservation Corps, Senate bill No. 1. This resolution is aimed at doing something for youth.

Senator WILLIAMS. Of course, the objectives of S. 1, the youth employment bill, and of the National Service Corps bill are different. Yet this resolution and its philosophy would cover both.

We certainly don't want to have the programs confused. The purpose of the youth employment bill is to give unemployed young people training and productive activity.

The aim of the National Service Corps is to take people, young and retired, and put them into service, not to deal with unemployment. Most of them won't be unemployed.

That was excellent testimony. We are most grateful to you. Mrs. HAWKINS. We appreciated the opportunity to testify very much.

DIVISION OF CHURCH AND COMMUNITY STUDIES,
DEPARTMENT OF CHRISTIAN SOCIAL RELATIONS,
THE NATIONAL COUNCIL, EPISCOPAL CHURCH CENTER,

New York, N.Y., April 1963.

STATEMENT BY THE RIGHT REVEREND ARTHUR LICHTENBERGER, PRESIDING BISHOP OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, FEBRUARY 8, 1963

I welcome the introduction in Congress of measures to provide new opportunities for the training and employment of the young people of the United States. Such measures are in keeping with the church's belief in human welfare as a priority for our whole Nation, deserving nonpartisan support. The alarming rise in the school dropout rate, the present inability to provide jobs for young high school graduates, and the perennial pressure of juvenile delinquency all demand quick and energetic national action. It is not too strong to say that the mounting problem of idle youth constitutes a moral demand upon the financial resources of the Nation. The proposal for the employment and training of youth through a conservation corps and urban service corps is a hopeful step in this direction *

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAT. CHURCH, FEBRUARY 20, 1963

Whereas the alarming rise in the school dropout rate, in the incidence of juvenile delinquency, and in the inability of young people to find employment upon graduation from high school constitutes a serious human welfare problem about which the church is concerned and which demands local and national action; therefore be it

Resolved, That the National Council of the Protestant Episcopal Church urges adoption of appropriate measures to create new opportunities for the training, further education, and employment of the mounting numbers of idle youth; and be it further

Resolved, That the National Council offers its services to dioceses and parishes in the development of their participation in community efforts to provide these new opportunities.

Senator WILLIAMS. We will hear Mayor Holland of Trenton this morning. I don't believe the mayor has arrived yet. We will change the order and hear Prof. Melvin Tumin at this time.

Professor Tumin, for the record will you identify yourself.

99-865-63-11

STATEMENT OF MELVIN TUMIN, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Professor TUMIN. My name is Melvin Tumin, professor of sociology and anthropology in Princeton.

Senator WILLIAMS. You are a resident, I take it, of Princeton?
Professor TUMIN. Yes, sir.

Senator WILLIAMS. What was your home before you came to Princeton?

Professor TUMIN. I was born in Newark, N.J., and except for a brief interlude of a dozen years in other parts of the country I have lived in New Jersey ever since. I have been in Princeton since 1947.

If I may say a few words about the proposal, I should like to note first that the general conception seems to me to be an extraordinarily fine one. Any time that important leaders of the Nation move to tap the voluntary spirit of citizens on behalf of the less fortunate members of our society, I endorse it heartily, on the understanding that important examples will be set by national leaders for the citizens.

I would like to stress that point, if I may. While this proposal calls our important young people to duty beyond self-serving and we can reasonably expect young people to respond to this call, it would be both sociologically important and very wise if important people would indicate the same kind of spirit by also assuming positions of sacrifice of career and of income. There have been some such people, but I think more of them would be very much to the point.

As to the utility of the program as I understand it, it is beyond question. I think you could take the number of 5,000 and multiply it by 500 and not have enough people for the kind of tasks which need to be achieved and the kind of needs which have to be met and are not being met.

I can think of the utility of hundreds of volunteer workers in a small community like this being employed full time in helping persons, who have not had the breaks in life that others may have had, to find a better way of life.

So I think that no one could doubt the utility of it. The present program I think is much too modest in its scope, if I may say so, although I recognize it may be necessary to make a modest beginning to show evidence for the larger need we are talking about.

In view of the excellence of the conception and the obvious great need for the program, one would have to cancel whatever momentary or partial doubts he might have about the possible success of the program, specifically with regard to the possibility of recruiting enough people who are in the spirit of the program.

While one could reason from the analogy of the Peace Corps and hope that a comparable spirit of volunteer effort could be elicited for a domestic Peace Corps, there are some differences which seem to favor the external Peace Corps over the domestic Peace Corps. In effect I am simply saying that this is a difficult task and not an impossible one, and that on the basis of the precedents that have been developed and in terms of the importance of the idea and the great need, every effort to make it a success is worthwhile.

I think, for instance, in terms of the range of possibilities for the great outpouring of volunteer spirit on the part of students such as

those who became involved in the tutorial program, which has given tutoring and other auxiliary services to schoolchildren in various degrees of trouble. The students did this on a part-time basis without adult inspiration or guidance, at very great sacrifice to themselves, and without the slightest thought of pay.

One could visualize the great utility of the corpsmen in units where such tutoring and auxiliary services are provided. Corpsmen could be utilized as the coordinators of such programs; each program is in need of a person who will devote himself full time so that the right people will appear at the right place at the right time to service the tutoring needs of students who are not doing as well in school as they might otherwise do.

One could go from area to area throughout the country and show the great need and indicate the extent to which people have already volunteered on a part-time basis. The possibility is there and there are some strong indications of likely success.

I would like to enter, however, a serious doubt about the extent to which such a program could succeed in the long run in making a big difference in the life of the people to whom it is directed. I am referring to the extent to which it might be possible to provide some additional morale and inspiration for a short period to people who are otherwise in despair. If the fundamental institutional shortcomings of the lives of those people are not corrected on the part of the National Government and the communities, if they don't have jobs to look forward to, and they don't have some degree of optimism, then the kind of thing suggested here or in the external Peace Corps becomes patchwork, Band-Aids instead of medicine, working on a level of symptoms rather than on a level of causes.

One would hope that along with the outpouring of volunteer services on the part of young people there would be an increasing dedication to providing the institutional basis on which this program could have an influence, for without it I think we are in serious trouble as far as this program or any program is concerned.

We are a very lucky country. We are lucky in that we have much less social pathology than we are entitled to, or that we should be having, given the unequal distribution of chances in life among our people. Our underprivileged minorities behave themselves to an extent and to a manner that exceeds any sociological expectation.

We have much less delinquency than we should be having, "should" meaning in terms of expectations, not desires. We have much less crime, much less drug addiction, much less of all the pathology that disturbs us.

And we are lucky, too, and I think that this is where the Corps fits in very well, that we have a major institution which provides a source of optimism and hope to our young people that their lives might be better than those of their parents. I am referring primarily to the school system. The school system still represents a main avenue of social and economic mobility for our people, in spite of all the known facts about unemployment and the failure to utilize talent, even though it has been trained.

Our young people go to school, especially the young people from underprivileged groups, with high hopes, and many of them find a way through their school experience that enables them to keep themselves

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