tooga, Floyd, Polk, Haralson, Carroll, Heard and Troup, to the west bank of the Chattahoochee river; thence south along that bank and the west border of the counties of Harris, Muscogee, Chattahoochee, Stewart, Quitman, Clay, Early, and a part of Decatur, all adjoining Alabama ; and thence the balance of said county adjoining Florida to the south-west corner at the confluence of the Flint with the Chattahoochee river. Thence east a dry line along the southern border of the counties of Decatur, Thomas, Brooks, Loundes, Echols and Clynch to the St. Mary's river; thence along the irregular course of that stream on the counties of Charlton and Camden, to the Atlantic ocean,-all adjoining Florida.

RIVERS.

The Savannah is navigable for steamers from the Atlantic to Augusta; and far above that city for flat boats. The Chattahoochee, from its termination in the Appalachicola in Florida to the rapids at the city of Columbus. The Altamaha, from the Atlantic to its beginning at the confluence of Ocmulgee and Oconee: the former, to Hawkinsville, and the latter, to the bridge of the Central Railroad in Washington. The St. Mary's, Satilla, and Ogeechee, for less distances and smaller vessels, as are the Ohoopee and Ocholochnee.

The streams flowing northward across the Tennessee line, the Hiwassee, Notley, Tocoa and Chickamauga rivers, are not navigable in this State. The Oostenaula is navigable for small boats about one hundred miles above the city of Rome, the point of its confluence with the Eowah, forming the Coosa, which, in its flow to Alabama, is navigable about forty miles in this State.

Beside those mentioned, the State is permeated in all

parts by smaller rivers, large and small creeks and their tributary branches and brooks, affording pure water in abundance for all the uses of man and the lower animals. Among the rivers not already named, there are in the upper part of the State among the mountains, Tallulah, Chestatee, Ellijay, Coosawattee and Connasauga: south of the mountains in upper Georgia, Broad and Little rivers tributary to the Savannah and Talapoosa flowing into Alabama. In middle Georgia, Ulcofauhatchee, called Alcova, South and Yellow rivers tributary to Ocmulgee, Appalachee and Little rivers tributary to Oconee, and, in the southern part of the State, Little Allapaha, Suwanee, and Canouchee rivers.

WATER POWER.

These streams, passing from higher to lower lands, abound with falls, many of them beautiful, and a few that are of striking grandeur and awe. The water powers furnished are multitudinous, and diversified by the heights. and by the differences in volume of water-varying from one horse to twenty thousand horse power.

ALTITUDE AND SURFACE.

The average elevation of the State above the level of the sea is about 650 feet. The eastern portion of north Georgia is about 1,500 feet, having mountain chains 3,000 feet, with peaks nearly 5,000 feet high. The western part of the same belt is about 750 feet, with mountain chains 2,000 feet high, some of which are fertile, and are generally interspersed with extensive and fertile, as well as beautiful valleys, while the eastern is more generally hilly, with fewer valleys.

The belt of middle Georgia above the points of river

navigation is generally from 500 to 1,000 feet, the average altitude being about 750 feet. This belt has no mountains, except perhaps the majestic Stone Mountain towering up in the midst of a comparatively level section. It has no extended plains or valleys, but is generally undulating, and in some places quite broken and hilly. The lower belt, being by far the largest, has an altitude of from 200 to 300 feet. It is generally level, though in some places exceedingly uneven and broken by steep, low hills and narrow valleys and ravines. The streams flow more slowly, have scarcely any high lands and hills skirting them, as in the up country, and more extensive swamps and low marshes. And the face of the country, instead of being varied as in the northern part by mountains, is interspersed often with small ponds, some of them open and clear, others surrounded by dense undergrowth: and by beautiful lakes, many of them transparent.

The State has three general slopes subdivided by many small ones. The first and major one is the Atlantic, south-east of the Appalachian chain of mountains, and the Chattahoochee ridges dividing it north-east to south-west, above the middle. The next in sizę, the Gulf slope, south of that chain and west of the Ridges. The other, the Tennessee slope, north of those mountains. All are indicated by the rise and flow of the water courses, and are marked by a diversity of climate, soil, timber, and mineral deposits.

CLIMATE.

The southern half of the State is marked by equanimity : mildness in winter, and regular warm days and nights in summer. The northern, by greater diversity and change of temperature; the winters are colder and have more sudden and extreme changes from mild to severe cold.

The summer is delightful for the cool and bracing atmosphere at night, and, in the higher portions, freedom from oppressive heat by day. The temperature varies much also between the mountains and valleys. The whole northern belt abounds in springs so cold that water needs no ice to adapt it to use for drinking.

SOIL, PRODUCTIONS AND HEALTH.

The tide-water lands on the south-east are devoted to rice, and furnish most of the product of that grain which the State sends to market. It is, however, grown mostly for home consumption, to a considerable extent on the low lands of the interior.

The vast area. of lower Georgia, generally sparse of population, produces corn, oats, barley rye, rice (wet or dry culture), peas, ground peas, turnips, potatoes, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, fruits, berries, and mel

ons.

The soil is light, soft and of easy cultivation. Most of the habitations are of sparse dimensions, made of rough timber from adjacent forests, and built at but trifling expense. The people away from the streams, swamps, marshes, and hammocks are as free from disease as those of any part of the continent; but in such localities they are more or less exposed to malarial diseases. The native grasses afford permanent pasturage to sustain well in summer, but poorly in winter, cattle and sheep. Hence beef and wool enter largely into home consumption and furnish profitable commerce to many of the people.

The middle belt of rolling and sometimes hilly surface is of red gray, and in some places mulatto soil, all with clay foundation; and, except sugar-cane, is productive of all the crops mentioned in the low country, and is well adapted also to wheat. In fact, nearly all of the market

crops of the continent will grow here, though all are not cultivated.

The population is more dense than in lower Georgia, though sparse here compared with many other States of the Union. The dwellings, not universally, but generally, are more commodious and comfortable. The white people are healthful, active, industrious, and generally intelligent. There is a larger population of colored people than in the sparsely settled portions of lower Georgia.

The same description of peoples applies to the wealthier and more densely populated neighborhoods of the low country; and to the northern belt, where similar crops are grown with less proportion of cotton and colored people, as to the major part of it, with the addition of grasses, including clover for hay; and where the soil is better adapted for the growth of tobacco, not extensively grown in any part of the State.

TIMBER.

The extensive southern belt abounds with pine, which is of the finest quality and inexhaustible quantity. The lakes, many of the ponds, and the water courses are often skirted with live oak, and other species of oak, and with evergreen trees in great variety. These tracts, not extensive in width, are called hammocks; and where the land is so low as to retain the water amid the trees and undergrowth they are called swamps, some of which are dense and extensive.

The timber of middle and many parts of upper Georgia was extensively destroyed for farming purposes; but still in many places the supply is abundant. The native forests were set with pine in many places mixed with oak in every variety, dogwood, hickory, poplar, chestnut, and