instances supplied by coke of the best quality, produced from the native coal. There are seven paper factories, flour and corn mills in endless variety in every part of the State, and a large number of mills for pounding rocks that contain the precious metal. Numerous distilleries of liquors and of turpentine, and several extensive manufactories of commercial manures; others for locomotives and cars; numerous establishments for making wagons, carriages, agricultural implements, boots, shoes, and building material; doors, windows, sash, blinds, brick and roofing; with mills in great abundance for cutting lumber from the forest. At Columbus the Chattahoochee river is used to move the immense machinery. At Augusta, the water of the Savannah river is utilized by a canal nine miles long, which is about one hundred and fifty feet wide, with a depth of eleven feet of water; and through this, the flat boats for which the river is navigable one hundred miles above Augusta avoid the shoals above, and find easy access to the city.

RELIGION AND CHURCHES.

The Protestant Christians are by far the most numerous professors of religion, but are divided into sects or denominations, the principal and most numerous of which are the Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian, and each of these have subdivisions.

The Baptists have a membership of about 112,000 whites and 98,000 colored, with 2,600 church organizations and edifices. They have an organization co-extensive with the State called a convention, and one hundred and twenty smaller ecclesiastical divisions of advisory bodies called associations.

The Methodists have a membership of about 100,000

whites and 70,000 colored. The principal division of which, the Methodist Episcopal Church South, has two jurisdictions called Annual Conferences, which are divided into districts, circuits, missions and stations. Other Methodist organizations have similar subordinate jurisdictions.

The Presbyterians have a membership of about 9,000 whites and 1,000 blacks. They have a State jurisdiction called a synod, which is subdivided into presbyteries.

The colored memberships are generally in separate organizations from the whites of the same sects, a distinction which is still more strictly preserved in all the schools in the State, and is preferred by both races.

There are a few churches of Congregationalists, Lutherans, Unitarians, and Universalists.

The Christian Church has about fifty church organizations and edifices, with upwards of 5,000 membership.

The Protestant Episcopal Church has a membership of about 4,500, with about thirty churches. The aggregate Christian membership of the State is about 400,000 souls.

The Israelites have numerous local organizations that are without edifices or stated worship, but have six synagogues and a membership of about 5,000.

The styles of the church edifices vary much, and conform to the situations and circumstances of the people where they are located. There are comparatively few elegant buildings in the country, away from the towns and cities. Many of them are neat and comfortable, but in many places they are small, of cheap and rude structure, and wanting in comfort as well as ornament; and such is the case with many in the cities, towns and villages. But a large proportion of those in the cities and towns are

highly creditable, and many of them handsome. There are a few that for this country are splendid edifices.

Pulpit eloquence and church music are largely cultivated, and in many places both have attained a high standard of excellence.

CEMETERIES.

In nothing has the civilization of the State shown more evidence of advancement than the improvements that have been made in latter years of the resting-places of the dead. The primitive custom of burying in the church-yards in town and country, is in many places adhered to, but generally with increased care of the graves. But, in most of the towns and in all the cities, separate places are set apart for públic cemeteries. Many of these, by the natural growth and transplanted evergreen trees, shrubbery, and flowers, with the variegated structures over and around the dead, are made lovely and beautiful. At the wealthy and populous cities of Augusta, Savannah, Macon, Atlanta, Columbus, Rome, Athens, they are strikingly beautiful, while the cemeteries in many of the larger towns are attractive ornaments. The Confederate and State soldiers who died under circumstances that enabled their friends to inter them, or in the numerous hospitals located in the State, are distributed in the cemeteries and church-yards and private graveyards all over the State. Those buried on and near battle-fields have generally been collected in Confederate cemeteries at Resaca, Marietta and Atlanta.

The Federal soldiers who died in our prisons and hospitals, and on the battle fields in the State, who were not carried to other States, have generally been collected in national cemeteries at Andersonville and Marietta.

PUBLIC CHARITY.

In many of the counties of the interior of the State, provision is made by the erection of poor-houses, establishment of poor-farms, or by disbursing the funds collected by taxation through the county officers to support the few really indigent people. The number found in actual want and unable to subsist without public aid is small in every part of the State.

The old cities, particularly Savannah, have charitable institutions, many of which are under the auspices of voluntary associations. In many places the Protestant as well as the Catholic churches have voluntary and relief societies. Suffering from destitution and want, and aside from disease, is of rare occurrence in town or county.

There are three classes of unfortunates for which the State has made liberal appropriations, and established near Milledgeville an asylum for the treatment and care of lunatics, at Macon an academy for the education of the blind, and at Cave Spring an institution for the education of deaf mutes, all under successful operation for many years, and dispensing, in large measure, the blessings designed by the State.

Destitute orphans have not shared the State's liberality, but those of the Catholic people have long been provided for by an asylum located at Savannah. The two Georgia conferences of Methodists have each established an orphans' home without reference to the religious faith of their parents. The north Georgia, near Decatur, and the south Georgia conference, near Macon. Both are doing well, but as yet are of limited capacity and accommodations.

SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.

There are upward of 160,000 pupils, large and small, taught weekly in Sunday-schools, which are almost entirely under the care and control of the different churches. They come from all grades and classes of people, and represent every variety of wealth and poverty, intelligence and ignorance among the growing generation, upon all of whom the beneficial effects, in mind and morals, and often in religion, are perceived. Sabbathschool system is on the increase. The methods of popular education, aside from that of Sunday-schools, have undergone important changes within the last thirty years. There is a much larger proportion of people taught letters. The proportion of collegiate over academic instruction in males and females has greatly increased. The poor-school system, which by taxation and otherwise dispensed limited benefits to children classified as poor, and which classification rendered the system to an extent unpopular, has for the last twelve years been superseded by a system of common schools open to all children of given ages, and of both races, without regard to pecuniary circumstances. Under the former system the main part of the education of children and youths was paid for by parents and guardians. And such is, to a great extent, still true.

The State constitution, which requires separate schools for the white and colored races, limits the system to the elementary branches of an English education. The State's appropriation of $300,000 annually, alone is sufficient to keep the children taught, from 180,000 to 190,000, in the schools but a short period of the year, and necessarily in many instances under very inferior and often unfaith