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CONTENTS.
PART I.
GALILEO'S EARLY YEARS, HIS IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES, AND
FIRST CONFLICT WITH THE ROMAN CURIA.
CHAPTER I.
EARLY YEARS AND FIRST DISCOVERIES.
Birth at Pisa.-Parentage.-His Father's Writings on Music.-Galileo
destined to be a Cloth Merchant.-Goes to the Convent of Vallom-
brosa.- Begins to study Medicine.-Goes to the University of
Pisa. Discovery of the Synchronism of the Pendulum.-Stolen
Lessons in Mathematics.-His Hydrostatic Scales.- Professorship
at Pisa. Poor Pay.-The Laws of Motion.-John de' Medici.—
Leaves Pisa.- Professorship at Padua.-Writes various Treatises.
-The Thermoscope.-Letter to Kepler.-The Copernican System.
-"De Revolutionibus orbium Coelestium"
PAGE
3
CHAPTER II.
THE TELESCOPE AND ITS REVELATIONS.
Term of Professorship at Padua renewed.-Astronomy.-A New
Star.-The Telescope.-Galileo not the Inventor.-Visit to Venice
to exhibit it. Telescopic Discoveries.-Jupiter's Moons.-Request
of Henry IV." Sidereus Nuncius."-The Storm it raised.-Ma-
gini's attack on Galileo.-The Ring of Saturn.-An Anagram.—
Opposition of the Aristotelian School.-Letter to Kepler
16
CHAPTER III.
REMOVAL TO FLORENCE.
Galileo's Fame and Pupils.-Wishes to be freed from Academic
Duties.- Projected Works.-Call to Court of Tuscany.-This
change the source of his Misfortunes.-Letter from Sagredo.—
Phases of Venus and Mercury.- The Solar Spots.-Visit to Rome.—
Triumphant Reception.—Letter from Cardinal del Monte to Cosmo
II.—The Inquisition.-Introduction of Theology into the Scientific
Controversy." Dianoja Astronomica.”—Intrigues at Florence
CHAPTER IV.
ASTRONOMY AND THEOLOGY.
Treatise on Floating Bodies.-Controversy with Scheiner about the
Solar Spots.--Favourable reception of Galileo's Work on the sub-
ject at Rome.-Discussion with the Grand Duchess Christine.—
The Bible brought into the controversy.—Ill-fated Letter to Cas-
telli.-Caccini's Sermon against Galileo.-Lorini denounces the
Letter to the Holy Office.-Archbishop Bonciani's attempts to get
the original Letter.—“Opinion” of the Inquisition on it.—Caccini
summoned to give evidence.-Absurd accusations.-Testimony
of Ximenes and Attavanti in Galileo's favour.
CHAPTER V.
HOPES AND FEARS.
Galileo's Fears.-Allayed by letters from Rome.-Foscarini's Work.
-Blindness of Galileo's Friends.-His Apology to the Grand
Duchess Christine.-Effect produced by it.-Visit to Rome.-
Erroneous opinion that he was cited to appear.-Caccini begs
pardon.-Galileo defends the Copernican System at Rome.-His
mistake in so doing.
27
42
. 59
CHAPTER VI.
THE INQUISITION AND THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM, AND THE ASSUMED
PROHIBITION TO GALILEO.
Adverse "Opinion" of the Inquisition on Galileo's Propositions.--
Admonition by Bellarmine, and assumed Absolute Prohibition to
treat of the Copernican Doctrines.-Discrepancy between Notes
of 25th and 26th February.-Marini's Documents.-Epinois's Work
on Galileo.-Wohlwill first doubts the Absolute Prohibition.-
Doubts confirmed by Gherardi's Documents.-Decree of 5th March,
1616, on the Copernican System.-Attitude of the Church.-Was
the Absolute Prohibition ever issued to Galileo?-Testimony of
Bellarmine in his favour.- Conclusions.
76
CHAPTER VII.
EVIL REPORT AND GOOD REPORT.
Galileo still lingers at Rome.-Guiccardini tries to effect his Recall.—
Erroneous idea that he was trying to get the Decree repealed.-
Intrigues against him.—Audience of Pope Paul V.-His friendly
assurances. His Character.-Galileo's return to Florence.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE CONTROVERSY ON COMETS.
Studious Seclusion.-Waiting for the Correction of the Work of
Copernicus.-Treatise on Tides.-Sends it to Archduke Leopold of
Austria. The Letter which accompanied it.-The three Comets
of 1618.-Galileo's Opinion of Comets.-Grassi's Lecture on them.
Guiducci's Treatise on them, inspired by Galileo.-Grassi's "Astro-
nomical and Philosophical Scales."-Galileo's Reply.-Paul V.—
His Death.-Death of Cosmo II.-Gregory XV.-"Il Saggiatore
finished.— Riccardi's "Opinion" on it.-Death of Gregory XV.—
Urban VIII.
CHAPTER IX.
MAFFEO BARBERINI AS URBAN VIII.
His Character.-Taste for Letters.-Friendship for Galileo when
Cardinal.-Letters to him.-Verses in his honour.-Publication
of "Il Saggiatore" with Dedication to the Pope.-Character of the
Work.-The Pope's approval of it. Inconsistency with the as-
sumed Prohibition
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108
CHAPTER X.
PAPAL FAVOUR.
Galileo goes to Rome to congratulate Urban VIII. on his Accession.
-Favourable reception.-Scientific discussions with the Pope.-
Urban refuses to Revoke the Decree of 5th March.-Nicolo Riccardi.
-The Microscope.-Galileo not the Inventor.-Urban's favours to
Galileo on leaving Rome.-Galileo's reply to Ingoli.-Sanguine
hopes.-Grassi's hypocrisy.-Spinola's harangue against the Co-
pernican System.-Lothario Sarsi's reply to "Il Saggiatore."-
Galileo writes his "Dialogues"
. 114
PART II.
PUBLICATION OF THE “DIALOGUES ON THE TWO
PRINCIPAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD," AND TRIAL AND
CONDEMNATION OF GALILEO.
""
THE 'DIALOGUES" ON THE TWO SYSTEMS.
Origin of the "Dialogues."-Their popular style.—Significance of the
name Simplicius.-Hypothetical treatment of the Copernican Sys-
tem.-Attitude of Rome towards Science.-Thomas Campanella.
-Urban VIII.'s duplicity.-Galileo takes his MS. to Rome.-Ric-
cardi's corrections. He gives the Imprimatur on certain condi-
tions.-Galileo returns to Florence to complete the Work
127
THE IMPRIMATUR FOR THE "DIALOGUES."
Death of Prince Cesi.-Dissolution of the Accadémia dei Lincei.-
Galileo advised to print at Florence.—Difficulties and delays.—His
impatience. Authorship of the Introduction.-The Imprimatur
granted for Florence.-Absurd accusation from the style of the
Type of the Introduction.
138
THE "DIALOGUES" AND THE JESUITS.
Publication of the "Dialogues."-Applause of Galileo's friends and
the learned world.-The hostile party.-The Jesuits as leaders of
learning.-Deprived of their monopoly by Galileo. They become
his bitter foes.-Having the Imprimatur for Rome and Florence,
Galileo thought himself doubly safe.-The three dolphins.-Schei-
ner. Did "Simplicius" personate the Pope?-Conclusive argu-
ments against it.-Effect of the accusation.-Urban's motives in
instituting the Trial
. 151
DISCOVERY OF THE ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION OF 1616.
Symptoms of the coming Storm.-The Special Commission.—
Parade of forbearance.-The Grand Duke intercedes for Galileo.—
Provisional Prohibition of the " Dialogues."-Niccolini's Interview
with the Pope and unfavourable reception.-Report of it to Cioli.
-Magalotti's Letters.-Real object of the Special Commission to
find a pretext for the Trial.-Its discovery in the assumed Pro-
hibition of 1616.-Report of the Commission, and charges against
Galileo
. 163
THE SUMMONS TO ROME.
Niccolini's attempt to avert the Trial.—The Pope's Parable.-The
Mandate summoning Galileo to Rome.-His grief and consterna-
nation. His Letter to Cardinal Barberini.-Renewed order to
come to Rome.-Niccolini's fruitless efforts to save him.- Medical
Certificate that he was unfit to travel.—Castelli's hopeful view of
the case.-Threat to bring him to Rome as a Prisoner.-The Grand
Duke advises him to go. -His powerlessness to protect his servant.
-Galileo's mistake in leaving Venice.-Letter to Elia Diodati
GALILEO'S ARRIVAL AT ROME.
Galileo reaches Rome in February, 1632.-Goes to the Tuscan Em-
bassy. No notice at first taken of his coming.—Visits of Serristori.
-Galileo's hopefulness.- His Letter to Bocchineri.-Niccolini's
audience of the Pope.-Efforts of the Grand Duke and Niccolini
on Galileo's behalf.-Notice that he must appear before the Holy
Office. His dejection at the news.-Niccolini's advice not to
defend himself.
175
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THE TRIAL BEFORE THE INQUISITION.
The first hearing.-Galileo's submissive attitude.-The events of
February, 1616.—Galileo denies knowledge of a special Prohibition.
-Produces Bellarmine's certificate.-Either the Prohibition was
not issued, or Galileo's ignorance was feigned.—His conduct since
1616 agrees with its non-issue.-The Inquisitor assumes that it
was issued." Opinions" of Oregius, Inchofer and Pasqualigus.—
Galileo has Apartments in the Palace of the Holy Office assigned to