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my first examination in discovering any diseased tissue. The next time she came I found, outward and downward at the base of the tongue, a nodule about half the size of a pea, which when touched with the probe caused the patient to cough. Improvement manifested itself after the first application of the cautery, and after the second the cough completely disappeared. A better illustration of the development of cough in consequence of this affection it would be difficult to give.

On a former occasion I discussed at length the therapeutic measures for destroying hypertrophic tissue, and for the sake of completeness I will only say that I mainly use three remedies. They are solutions of iodine-glycerine of varying strength applied with a cotton-carvier, nitrate of silver melted upon probes of the proper curvature, and the galvanocautery. The last mentioned may be used in two ways. The hypertrophy can be made to disappear by scarifications with the proper electrodes, or, if it is confined to a small space and the tonsil is divided into two parts by a longitudinal depression, the attempt may be made. to remove it with the snare. For this purpose I use my iridiumplatinum wire, and I have collected specimens from thirteen such patients, some of the larger of which I herewith show you. When the whole mass can be seized and snared off, the same result is obtained with one operation which otherwise would require repeated applications of the galvano-cautery.

Gentlemen, as you will have observed in the course of my remarks, I have been compelled to be more brief than I should have desired, in order to avoid an undue length of this paper. It was not my object to weary you with a description of the details of operative procedures, the proper execution of which can only be acquired by practice. I have endeavored to call your attention to some of the rarer causes of cough, and to the necessity of a careful, thorough examination, the result of which alone will enable us to inaugurate rational treatment upon a sound, pathological basis.

THE LAW AND THE DOCTORS.

BY SIDNEY V. LOWELL.

The Court of Appeals of this State is at present formed into two divisions. The first is the old Court of Judges especially elected to that position. The other or second division is composed of Supreme Court Judges selected for the Appelate Court by the Governor.

The last volume of decisions by the second division contains the record of a case brought by a man named Alberti against the Erie Railroad.

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Abdomen Liver large, mottled yellow and brown, evidently fatty. Spleen normal size, but surface dull, translucent, of a waxy appearKidneys Left kidney weighed one and three-quarter pounds; completely honeycombed with cavities containing pus; no visible kidney tissue. Right kidney in the same condition as the left; weight, one and one-half pounds; filled with cavities containing large quantities of pus. Ureters not dilated. Bladder showed evidences of old cystitis. Very tight stricture in the membranous portion of the urethra. Beginning peritonitis in left iliac fossa. The small quantity of urine which was found in the bladder was thick with pus.

DISCUSSION.

Dr SCHMIDT remarked that there were present typhoid symptoms, including the dry furred tongue and sordes. He passed no urine during the four days he was in the hospital; was sick about twelve days.

Dr. ECCLES.-There were uremic symptoms present, and there was no water in the bladder. Did Dr. Schmidt say there was tenderness

on both sides?

Dr. SCHMIDT.-No; only on the left side. It was difficult to get any connected history. He had no relatives here, and even the Italian interpreter could get little information from him.

Dr. SHAW.-It is very difficult to tell how much the symptoms were due to uræmia and how much to the meningitis resulting from the fracture. Has the specimen been examined microscopically?

Dr. SCHMIDT.-No.

Dr. SHAW.-I think if it be examined it will show that it is a syphilitic pachymeningitis, and I suppose the condition of the kidneys may be accounted for in the same way.

Dr. SCHMIDT.-He had a few spots on his chest, but it was thought they were an accompaniment of the typhoidal symptoms.

THE AMERICAN CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

The Annual Meeting of this Association will be held in Denver, Colorado, September 2d to 4th. The programme includes a paper by Dr. B. F. Westbrook, on "The Physiology and Pathology of Breathing."

THE

BROOKLYN MEDICAL JOURNAL.

Communications in reference to Advertisements or Subscriptions (Subscription Price $2.00 per annum) should be addressed, Business Manager, BROOKLYN MEDICAL JOURNAL, 214 Madison Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Remittances should be made by money-order, draft. or registered letter, payable to BROOKLYN MEDICAL JOURNAL, and addressed to Business Manager.

Authors desiring Reprints of their papers should communicate with the Business Manager as soon as the papers have been read, stating the number of Reprints desired, and the number of JOURNAL pages their papers will occupy, allowing 470 words to a page. Each contributor of an Original Article will receive five copies of the JOURNAL containing his article, on application at the Rooms of the Society, 356 Bridge Street.

Photo-engravings will be furnished authors free of charge, if proper drawings or negatives are provided. Electrotypes of engravings will be furnished authors at cost, when they wish to preserve them for future reproduction.

Alterations in the proof will be charged to authors at the rate of sixty cents an hour, this being the printer's charge to the Journal.

All other Communications, Articles for Publication, Books for Review, and Exchanges should be addressed BROOKLYN MEDICAL JOURNAL, 356 Bridge Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

EDITORIAL.

PROGRESS IN MEDICINE.

We regret to announce that Dr. A. H. Buckmaster has been compelled, by the pressure of duties incidental to his removal to New York, to terminate his connection with the JOURNAL. We wish the doctor success in his new field of labor. The abstracts in the department of Gynecology will be hereafter contributed by Dr. Walter B. Chase, who needs no introduction to the profession of Brooklyn.

MEDICAL LEGISLATION.

The year 1890 has been prolific in the production of new and amended statutes of interest to the medical profession of the State of New York. Whether they will be of as much benefit remains to be seen. It is sincerely to be hoped that, unless grave errors are discovered in them, they will be permitted to remain without alteration or amendment long enough for physicians and students to become familiar with their provisions. One of the greatest curses of our country is the continual tinkering with legislation, and in this regard the practice of medicine is not neglected.

The Legislature of New York passed, at its last session, three important laws regulating, directly and indirectly, the practice of medicine. We shall publish these laws in full when our space permits.

The first law, Chapter 499, provides for the preliminary education of medical students. It is an amendment to the Act of 1889, and is

much broader in its exemptions from examination than was that act, practically conferring upon the Regents of the University of the State of New York the power to determine what qualifications shall be regarded as sufficient.

The second act, Chapter 500, is an amendment to the Act of 1887, which regulated the licensing and registration of physicians and surgeons. It takes from the medical colleges the power to indorse the diplomas of those who graduated without the State, and places it in the hands of the Regents of the University on the recommendation of a legally constituted board of medical examiners. This indorsement cannot be made until the applicant presents evidence that he has complied with the provisions of Chapter 499, to which we have already referred. In other words, it imposes on those who come into the State to practise the same conditions that are imposed on the students of its own colleges.

The third act, Chapter 507, is an entirely new one, and establishes Boards of Medical Examiners of the State of New York for the examination and licensing of practitioners of medicine and surgery; and further regulates the practice of medicine and surgery. This law does not go into effect until September 1, 1891.

This act first provides for three separate Boards of Medical Examiners: one representing the Medical Society of the State of New York, one the Homœopathic State Medical Society, and one the Eclectic Medical Society of the State. The Regents appoint from a list of nominees submitted by the respective societies. Examination questions are to be prepared by these boards, and the answers made by the candidates for examination to such questions as may be selected from these lists by the Regents shall be submitted to the boards for their determination as to their sufficiency. If successful, the candidate. receives from the Regents a license to practise. After September 1, 1891, no one not already authorized to practise in this State can do so without this license, and this will only be granted on the following conditions: 1, payment of $25; 2, evidence that the applicant is more than twenty-one years of age, is of good moral character, has obtained a competent common school education, and has a diploma; 3, that he has studied medicine three years, including three courses of lectures in different years; and 4, after an examination by one of the State Boards of Examiners.

The existing law, by which medical colleges can grant diplomas after three years of study and two courses of lectures, is not altered, but those who desire to practise in this State must attend three courses of lectures.

We have endeavored to give the salient points in these new laws, but have necessarily omitted many details.

OBITUARY.

SIR EDWIN CHADWICK.

By R. M. WYCKOFF, M.D.

The beautiful pilgrimage of Chadwick's life has been completed. His friends know him best as "the father of English sanitation," but his name has seemed to us to merit an embalming in these pages by reason of his hearty relations with our own profession. Although trained to the law, Chadwick was more in his element with medical men than with any other body of his compatriots. He was an honorary member of the British Medical Association, and only a short time before his death received from a medico-legal society in America a similar recognition of the wholesome influences of his life work.

It is not possible here to give in detail the long list of sanitary questions which engaged this great mind, dating back nearly a half century. His career was one of untiring labor and unalloyed usefulness, and his memory must remain for many long years as that of one of the greatest, yet least recompensed, benefactors of his time and country. It has been aptly observed of him that, had he as a military man succeeded in destroying one-hundredth part as many lives as he was prominent in assisting to save, his statue would have been erected long since in more than one great city of his native land, and he would have been loaded with honors and titles. But as it was, it was not until he had attained his ninetieth year that the painfully inadequate badge of knighthood was doled out to him. But his mind was large, as was his dome-like, capacious brow, and though he endured, he did not languish under, the shadow of official displeasure and retirement that continued through a long series of years. To those who have looked upon any faithful portrait of this noble man, it does not seem at all strange that his years were given to great and philanthropic themes, such as he was in the habit, from time to time, of bringing in clear and convincing language to the public attention. He was, in fact, a kind of amateur Minister of the Public Health at Mortlake, in Surrey, with a portfolio replete with unofficial state-papers. This idea of an imperial ministry of the public health was a favorite one with him, and he has, in that respect, sown the seed of a philosophic, beneficent thought which must eventually find fruition: perhaps under hands that may not deal with it so wisely as he might have done if his own generation had been sufficiently advanced to have listened to him.

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