of bishops. When any such bishop is nominated to a territorial bishopric he takes the oath of homage on entering upon his temporal possessions, but nothing of any kind is added to his spiritual office and power as a bishop, all of which he already possesses in virtue of his consecration. There is one other phrase to be examined. During the vacancy in a bishopric some one ecclesiastical officer is appointed to be guardian of the spiritualities. This appointment is made generally by the archbishop of the province, though by the canon law the dean and chapter of the cathedral church are made guardians of the spiritualities during the vacancy. These guardians have jurisdiction in the bishops' courts and power to grant licences to marry. They may take the fees during their time of office, but they cannot consecrate, ordain or present to vacant benefices. A bishop's patronage during a vacancy, being regarded as the conferring of an endowed position, lapses to the Crown. When a bishop in England acknowledges that he holds this bishopric "tam spiritualium quam temporalium" from the King, he is saying that every part of his estate is so held, and further, that he holds his courts and receives his fees under the Crown, because these courts deal with matters touching the liberty of the subjects, but he does not mean that his spiritual functions as a bishop come from Royal authority.

For clearness, I set down the different sources from which a bishop's income was received. (1) Temporalities, i. e. rents from the lands and tenements; (2) spiritualities, i. e. fixed payments from some of the benefices in the diocese; (3) other spiritualities, i. e. various fees. I hope these facts will make it clear that the spiritual part of a bishop's office is derived solely from his consecration, and that no portion of this is exercised in virtue of authority from the Crown. In this respect the territorial bishops in England are in as free a position as the other Anglican bishops in any part of the world. In the history of England at two different periods there the Crown has claimed and exercised a "Headship of the Church." (1) From 1066-1107, when the bishops

were required, under the Norman Kings, not only to do homage for temporal possessions, but to receive at the hands of the Sovereign investiture with pastoral staff and ring. And (2) from 1534-1554, when the Crown bore the title of Head of the Church. Whatever unholy tampering there was in the later period with spiritual functions, it was no worse than what had happened in England in Norman times, and what, in fact, had been practised for a very long period before 1107 in all parts of Europe.

Those of us who feel there must be one supreme authority in every country controlling all citizens are not concerned when we read that the Bishops of Rome have in practice been compelled to acknowledge this. In the seventh century one Pope had to wait for two years, and another one year, for the Emperor's confirmation. In the tenth century the Emperor set aside the nominee of the electors, and made Leo VIII Pope. All the Popes were bound to take the oath of fealty or homage to the Emperor, and a remnant of this is still retained in the veto upon the election to the Papacy exercised by the great Powers of Europe which are in communion with Rome.

As a last illustration, I take a resolution from the Privy Council Chamber in London, on May 10, 1910: "It is this day ordered by their Lordships that His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury do prepare special forms of service in commemoration of His late Majesty King Edward of Blessed and Glorious Memory, to be used in all Churches and Chapels in England and Wales." The other parts of the Empire are not included. The Crown requests that the service be prepared and used, but the Archbishop, in virtue of his office, draws it up, and is responsible for what it contains. When the occasion is not a Royal funeral or other State function, the Archbishops and Bishops of England prepare special services without any request, because the "Jus Liturgicum" resides in their office.

APPENDIX D

SEDBERGH AND GIGGLESWICK

As an illustration of what was done to the Chantry schools I give the particulars of Sedbergh and Giggleswick, at the former of which I myself was educated. Both are popularly supposed to be schools founded by Edward VI.

A chantry called Lupton Chantry was founded at Sedbergh in 1528 by Dr. Lupton of S. John's, Cambridge. Robert Hebblethwaite was the school-master, and his duties were to pray for the soul of Dr. Lupton and to keep a free school. The endowment consisted of freehold land of the yearly value of £11. At Giggleswick the chantry, an older one, which of course had its altar in the parish church, was served by the incumbent, a man well learned, who taught a grammar school there and had no other living than the proceeds of the chantry. The value was increased by £24 given by will and testament towards the maintenance of the school-master. The total remaining to the King's Majesty at the dissolution of the chantries were the annual sums of £10 178. and £12 13s. 4d. (These must be greatly increased for their present value.) When the chantries were dissolved by the Acts of Henry VIII and Edward VI there was great dissatisfaction everywhere at the way the Acts were carried out. Bishop Latimer preached frequently on the subject so far as it affected the Chantry schools, and Dr. Lever, Master of S. John's, Cambridge, in preaching before Edward VI in 1550, said, "Many Grammar Schools be taken, sold and made away, to the great slander of you and your laws, to the grievous offence of the people, to the most miserable drowning of youth

in ignorance and sore decay of the Universities. There was in the North Country, amongst the people rude in knowledge, a Grammar School (Sedbergh) founded, having in the University of Cambridge, of the same foundation, eight scholarships, ever replenished with scholars of that school, which is now decayed and lost." The result of this and similar appeals was that Sedbergh was refounded on February 20, 1551. The new endowment was £20 13s. 4d. a year, and was made up of fragments of chantries from York, Halifax, Rotherham, etc. Twelve persons of the town and parish of Sedbergh were to be governors, and Robert Hebblethwaite, late school-master of Sedbergh, was to be named schoolmaster. "After his decease the master, fellows and scholars of S. John's College in Cambridge were to have the nomination of the school-master, in consideration of two fellowships and eight scholarships established in the same college for scholars of Sedbergh aforesaid, according to an ordinance thereof made there at the charge of Dr. Lupton, deceased, which founded the late School of Sedbergh."

This school was handsomely treated in comparison with many other Chantry schools and other larger foundations. Compare this generous treatment with that meted out to a great school in Cornwall. The College of S. Thomas of Glasney was founded, or augmented, by Walter, Bishop of Exeter, in 1271, at Penryn. It had a staff consisting of provost, 12 canons, 7 vicars-choral, a chapel clerk, a bell-ringer, 4 choristers and 3 chantry priests. The bell-ringer had 40s. a year as well for teaching poor men's children their A B C as for ringing the bells. The endowments of the college amounted to about £4,500 a year of present money. The whole was swept away, including the poor children's A B C teacher, and the stipend of a grammar-school master of about £140 a year present money was left.

"As for poor Edward VI," says Mr. Leach, "meaning thereby the ruling counsellors of his day, he cannot any longer be called the founder of our national system of secondary education. But he or they can at least claim

the distinction of having had a unique opportunity of reorganizing the whole educational system of a nation from top to bottom, without cost to the nation, and of having thrown it away" (p. 122). Mr. Leach gives a list of 204 schools mentioned in Chantry Certificates and Re-foundation warrants. These extend in dates of foundation from 1066 (before) to 1548, and show that the whole of England was studded with Chantry schools, where the children of the parishes had for centuries received their education. Those who acted in the name of Edward VI re-founded many, it is true, but despoiled and robbed large numbers and took the money for other purposes.

1 English Schools at the Reformation, p. 321.