Select Collections of Voyages and Travels.

Dampier's Collection, 4 vols. 8vo. Harris' Collection, 2 vols. fol. Mavor's Voyages and Travels, 28 vols. 18mo. from the discovery of America to the time of Lord Valentia; any volume of which may be had separately. Collection of Modern and Contemporary Voyages and Travels, 11 vols. 8vo. Pinkerton's General Collection of Voyages and Travels, 4to. will be the most extensive when com. pleted.

Select Voyages to the South Pole and round the World.

*Hawkesworth's Account of Voyages in the Southern Hemisphere, with Cook's Voyages, and Parkinson's Journal, 10 vols. 4to.or Kippis' Life of Cook, 4to. an abstract of the Voyages, and Burney's History of Discoveries in the South Seas, 2 vols, 4to. Cook's Voyages, 7 vols. 18mo, printed verbatim from the 4to, edition, or abridged by Mavor, 2 vols. Bligh's Voyage, 4to. Dixon's Voyage, 4to. Perouse's Voyage, 3 vols. 8vo. Vancouver's, 6 vols. 8vo. Missionary Voyage, 4to.

CHAP. III.EUROPE.

t

EUROPE is the smallest of the three divisions of the old world; but it is the most populous, and opulent, as well as the most flourishing, in consequence of the genius and industry of, its inhabitants. From the Portugueze Cape (styled by our mariners the rock of Lisbon) in the west, to the Uralian Mountains in the east, it is about 3,300 British miles in length: and, from Cape Nord (in, Danish Lapland) to Cape Matapan (the southern extremity of Greece,) its breadth may be about 2,350 miles. It is estimated by Mr. Pinkerton to contain about 2,500,000 Square miles.

Boundaries.] On the north, Europe is bounded by the Frozen Ocean; on the west, by the Atlantic Oceau; on the south, by the Mediterranean Sea; on, the east by the continent of Asia.

Divisions.] Europe is divided into several, kingdoms and states, which may be thus arranged.

I. NORTHERN STATES. Russia, Sweden, Norway and Denmark.

II. CENTRAL STATES. Prussia, Poland, Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, France, Switzerland, Belgium or the

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United Provinces (as they were formerly called ;)"] bu which, together with the Netherlands are now united to France; and the British Islands.

III. SOUTHERN STATES. Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Turkey (in Europe.) ·

Mountains.] The principal mountains of Europe are the Krapac, or Carpathian mountains between Poland and Hungary; the Alps, which separate France, Switzerland and Italy; the Appennines in Italy; the Pyrenees betweer France and Spain; and the extensive chain, called Daarafield, or Dofre field, that separates Norway from Sweden.

Peninsulas.] In the north are, Sweden and Norway, and part of Denmark, called Jutland. In the south, are Spain and Portugal, Italy, and the Morea (antiently called Peloponnesus); in the south of Greece: and in the east, the Crimea, which forms part of Little Tartary.

Capes.] The principal Capes of Europe are, Cape North, or the North of Lapland,-Cape Finisterre, on the north-west of Spain,-Cape St. Vincent, on the south-west of Portugal, and Cape Matapan, on the south of the Morea.

Islands.] The principal Islands of Europe are, 1. In the Atlantic Ocean, the British Isles, comprising Great Britain and Ireland, the Western Islands which lie on the west, and the Orkney Islands, which are situated on the north of Britain. To these may be added Iceland, which lies in the first meridian, and is almost under the polar circle.

2. In the Mediterranean Sea, Ivica, Majorca, and Minorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Candia, and the islands of the Archipelago.

Gulfs and Inland Seas.] In the NORTHERN PARTS of Europe we meet with the Icy Sea or Frozen Ocean, and with the White Sea, which last forms a gulf in the North of Russia; the Baltic Sea between Sweden, Denmark, Russia and Prussia-the Bay of Biscay between France and Spaiu. bas

In the NORTH EASTERN PARTS of Europe are the Euxine or Black Sea, and the sea of Azof, between Europe and Asia; and in the SOUTH of Europe the Mediterranean Sea presents itself, forming numerous gulfs; as, the Gulf of Venice, or Adriatic Sea, between Italy and Turkey; and

the Archipelago or Grecian Sea between Europe and Asia; To these may be added the Sea of Marmora, between the Archipelago on the south east, and the Black Sea on the north-west.

Straits. The principal straits are, the Sound between Dénmark and Sweden, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea;-St. George's Channel, between England and Ireland; the Straits of Dover, between England and France;-the Straits of Gibraltar, between Spain and Africa, at the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea;-the Straits of Sicily or the Faro of Messina, between Sicily and the extremity of Italy ;-the Strait, or Canal of Constantinople, which forms the communication between the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora ;—and the Straits of Cattor between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azof.

Lakes.] The chief Lakes of Europe are, Onega and Ladoga in Russia ;-the Lake of Geneva between Savoy and Switzerland; the Lake of Constance, between Switzerland and Germany;-Lake Maggiore,' and some others, in the north of Italy.

Rivers.] Europe is watered by numerous rivers, of which the following are the most remarkable, viz.

In England, the Thames and the Severn-in Scotland, the Tay;-in Ireland, the Shannon; in France, the Seine, the Loire, the Rhone, and the Garonne ;-in Spain, the Ebro, the Tagus, and the Douro ;-in Portugal, the Guadiana, and the Guadalquiver;-in Germany, the Danube, the Rhine, the Oder, the Weser, the Elbe, and the Meuse; -in Poland, the Vistula ;-in Russia, the Volga, the Don, and the Dnieper;-and in Italy, the Tiber, and the Po.

Religion.] The Christian Religion is professed throughout every part of Europe, except in Turkey. It is divided into three principal denominations; 1. The Greek, which prevails in Greece and Russia; 2. The Latin or Roman Catholic Faith, which is professed in France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Hungary, in many of the German States, and in the low countries or Netherlands. And 3. The Protestant or Reformed Religion, which is divided into Lutheranism and Calvinism, and is thus called from the two celebrated reformers, Martin Luther and John Calvin. The Protestant Religion is the prevailing Religion in the British Dominions, the northern parts of Germany, Hol

land, Sweden, and Denmark. The Religion of the Turks is Islamism, or Mohammedism: the Turks are of the seet of Omar the first Caliph; while the Persians are, followers of Ali; who laid claim to the Caliphate, without success.

The forms of Government, prevailing in this part of the world, are,

1. Monarchical, in which one person only is vested with the Sovereign Power. Such are the Governments of France aud, Russia.

2. In Republics, many persons are joined together in the Government of the State: if the nobles preponderate, it becomes an Aristocracy, and the Government is then called Aristocratic. On the contrary, when the authority is in the hands of the people, it is called a Democracy, and such Government is Democratic. The United Provinces, Switzerland, and Venice, presented instances of the Republican form of Government before they were destroyed by the insatiable ambition of the Desolator of Europe.

3. Where the Sovereign power is counterbalanced hy that of the laws and by the assembly of the States, it then becomes a mixed Government;-such is the mild and equitable Government, by which Britain is ruled.

Select Voyages and Travels in Europe.

1. Sweden, Denmark, Germany, &c. Coxe's Travels in Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 5 vols. 8vo. Acerbi's Travels in Sweden, Denmark, &c. 2 vols. 4to. Phipps' Voyage to the North Pole, 4to. Radcliffe's Tour through Germany and Holland, 4to. Townson's Travels in Hungary, 4to. Landt's Feroe Islands, 8vo. Von Troil's Letters on Iceland, 8vo. Hooker's Iceland, 8vo. Mackenzie's Iceland, 4to. 2. The Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and Italy. Smith's Tour on the Continent, 3 vols. 8vo. Moore's View of Society in France, Switzerland, &c. 4 vols. 8vo. Young's Tour in France, 4to. Gifford's Residence in France, 2 vols. 8vo. Forbes' Letters from France, 2 vols. 8vo. Coxe's Travels in Switzerland, 3 vols. 8vo. Addison's Remarks on Italy, 8vo. Barthelemy's Travels in Italy, 8vo. Aufrere's Travels, 8vo. Martyn's Tour in Italy, 8vo. Swinburne's Travels in the Sicilies, 4 vols. 8vo. Spallanzani's, 4 vols. 8vo. Galt's Travels in Sicily, &c. 4to.

3. Spain and Portugal. Townsend's Spain, 3 vols. 8vo. Swinburne's, 2 vols. 8vo. Bourgoing's, 4 vols. 8vo. or abridged by Mavor in one volume. Semple's Two Journies in Spain, 3 vols. 12mo. Jacob's Travels in Spain, 4to. Murphy's Travels in Portugal, 4to. Link's Travels in Portugal, 8vo..

For Greece, &c. and the Russian Empire, &c. See the end of next chapter. "

CHAP. IV.—ASTA.

NEXT to America, Asia, is the largest of the foun.divisions of the world: its length, from the Hellespontato what is called the East Cape, is stated by Mr Pinkerton to be about 6500 geographical miles, which are equivalent to, about 7583 English statute miles. The breadth, from the southern Cape of Malacca to Cape Ceyero Vostochnói on the Arctic Ocean, is about 4500 geographical,-or-5250 English-miles.

Boundaries.] On the worth, Asia is abounded by the Arctic or Frozen Ocean; on the south by the Indian Ocean; on the west by Europe, (from which it is separated by the Uralian Mountains, and the little river Karposka) by the Black Sea, the Archipelago, the Mediterranean Sea, the isthmus of Suez, and by the red Sea; and on the east by Berings Strait which divides it from America, and by the North Pacific Ocean.

Mountains.] The principal chains of Asiatic Mounstains, beside the Uralian Chain, already mentioned, are those of Armenia in the west (among which Mount Ararat is particularly distinguished ;) The Mountains of Tibet in the north-east of India; the eastern and western Gauts of Hindustan, and the celebrated Causasian Chain between the Black or Euxine and the Caspian Seas.

Capes.] (The principal Capes of Asia are, Cape Ras alHhad (usually, called Ras al-gat), to the south-east of Arabia; Cape Comorin, on the south of the western peninsula of India, Cape Romaine, on the south of the peniusula of Malacca; and Cape Cevero Vostochnoi, in the north of Asia, projecting into the Arctic or Frozen Ocean.

Seas.]The chief of these, beside those which have already been noticed among the boundaries of Asia, vare, the Caspian Sea in the west, near the Euxine or Black Sea, the Sea or Lake Aral, about 100 miles to the east of the Caspian, and that called Baikal in Siberia or Asiatic Russia.

Islands.] In the Mediterranean Sea, Cyprus and Rhodes are the most conspicuous of the Islands which are classed with Asia; the Islands of Sunda or the Sumatran Chain, comprising Sumatra, Java, Balli, Lombok, Sumbava, Florez, and Timor, with several other islands, of inferior