our homes, and have builded therein not one ignoble prejudice or memory.

As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten.

In my native town of Athens is a monument that crowns its central hill—a plain, white shaft. Deep cut into its shining side is a name dear to me above the names of men, that of a brave and simple man who died in brave and simple faith. Not for all the glories of New England, from Plymouth Rock all the way, would I exchange the heritage he left me in his soldier's death.

But, sir, speaking from the shadow of that memory, which I honor as I do nothing else on earth, I say that the cause in which he suffered and for which he gave his life was adjudged by higher and fuller wisdom than his or mine, and I am glad that the omniscient God held the balance of battle in His Almighty hand, and that the American Union was saved from the wreck of war.

From "The New South "-Henry W. Grady.

5. The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth His handywork. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night showeth knowledge. There is no speech nor language, where their voice is not heard. Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath He set a tabernacle for the sun, which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race.

His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof. The law of the Lord is perfect, converting the soul: the testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple. The statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart: the commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes. The fear of the Lord is clean, enduring forever: the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.

More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than much fine gold sweeter also than honey and the honeycomb.

Moreover by them is thy servant warned: and in keeping of them there is great reward. Who can understand his errors? Cleanse thou me from secret faults. Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins; let them not have dominion over me: then shall I be upright, and I shall be innocent from the great transgression. Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy sight, O Lord, my strength, and my redeemer. The "Nineteenth Psalm "—Bible.

The Pectoral Voice

It is doubtful whether a strictly scientific analysis would allow this form of voice as a distinct quality. It seems to be simply a very low voice, usually having greater time, with a tendency to run into minors.

It is used in very solemn, weird, awful, and supernatural passages. The larynx is dropped as much as possible, the glottis open, and the resonance is in the lower chest region. It should not be practiced to the exclusion of the more natural ranges, as it is less used than either the Normal or the Orotund.

Examples

1. Hamlet. Angels and ministers of grace defend us!
Be thou spirit of health or goblin damn'd.

Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell,
Be thy intents wicked or charitable,

Thou comest in such a questionable shape

That I will speak to thee: I'll call thee Hamlet,

King, father; royal Dane, O, answer me!

From "Hamlet"-Shakespeare.

2. Ghost. I am thy father's spirit,

Doomed for a certain term to walk the night,

And for the day confined to fast in fires,

Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature

Are burned and purged away. But that I am forbid

To tell the secrets of my prison house,

I could a tale unfold whose lightest word

Would harrow up thy soul.-Ibid.

3. Lady Macbeth. Yet here's a spot.

Out damnéd spot! Out, I say!

One, two; why, then 'tis time to do't.-Fie, my lord, fie; a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? . . . What, will these hands ne'er be clean? No more o' that, my lord, no more o' that: you mar all with this starting.

Here's the smell of blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Oh! oh! oh! ... To bed, to bed; there's knocking at the gate: come, comè, come, come, give me your hand; what's done, cannot be undone; to bed, to bed, to bed.-From "Macbeth Shakespeare.

4. O, I have pass'd a miserable night,
So full of fearful dreams, of ugly sights,
That, as I am a Christian faithful man,
I would not spend another such a night,
Though 'twere to buy a world of happy days;
So full of dismal terror was the time!

Methought that I had broken from the tower,
And was embark'd to cross to Burgundy;
And, in my company, my brother Gloster,
Who from my cabin tempted me to walk

Upon the hatches; thence we look'd toward England
And cited up a thousand heavy times,
During the wars of York and Lancaster,
That had befallen us. As we pac'd along
Upon the giddy footing of the hatches,
Methought Gloster stumbled; and in falling
Struck me, that sought to stay him, overboard
Into the tumbling billows of the main.

O, then methought what pain it was to drown!
What dreadful noise of water in mine ears!
What sights of ugly death within mine eyes!
Methought I saw a thousand fearful wrecks;
A thousand men that fishes gnaw'd upon;
Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,

Inestimable stones, unvalu'd jewels,

All scatter'd in the bottom of the sea:

:

Some lay in dead men's skulls and in those holes
Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept
(As 'twere in scorn of eyes) reflecting gems,
That woo'd the slimy bottom of the deep,
And mock'd the dead bones that lay scattered by.
From "Richard III"-Shakespeare.

The Tremolo Voice

This quality is the result of intermittent impulses. The flow of the voice is broken. The vowels, instead of being uttered smoothly, are made up of a succession of impulses. Any overpowering emotion results in tremor. Great joy, sorrow, anger, and fear take the tremolo. In all intense emotions, even at times in argument, this quality is suggested.

In the exercises appended, not all the words should be strongly marked with tremolo. This is left to the discretion of the student or teacher.

An old man, broken with the storms of state,
Is come to lay his weary bones among ye:
Give him a little earth for charity!

From "Henry VIII"-Shakespeare.

2. Queen. O Hamlet! speak no more, Thou turn'st mine eyes into my very soul, And there I see such black and grainèd spots

As will not leave their tinct.

...

Oh! speak to me no more; These words like daggers enter in mine ears; No more, sweet Hamlet!

Hamlet. A murtherer and a villain;

A slave that is not twentieth part the tithe
Of your precedent lord; a Vice of kings;
A cutpurse of the empire and the rule,
That from the shelf the precious diadem stole
And put it in his pocket.

Queen.

No more!

Hamlet. A king of shreds and patches

Enter Ghost.

Save me and hover o'er me with your wings,

You heavenly guards! What would your gracious figure? Queen. Alas! he's mad!

Hamlet. Do you not come your tardy son to chide That, laps'd in time and passion, lets go by

The important acting of your dread command?

Oh! say!-From "Hamlet"-Shakespeare.

3. "Jove with us! Jove with us!" yelled all the Roman faction in a frenzy of delight-"Messala! Messala! Jove with us!"-From "Ben-Hur "-Lew Wallace.

4. Cassius. O ye gods! ye gods! Must I endure all this? From "Julius Cæsar "—Shakespeare.

IMPURE VOICE

As already mentioned five types or qualities of voice are classed as impure, viz.: Aspirate, Guttural, Nasal, Falsetto, and Oral, descriptions of which follow:

The Aspirate Voice

This quality is produced by an admixture of breath and vocalization. A greater quantity of breath is used than is necessary to produce the tone required. It is part whisper and part vocal sound. There may be all grades between a whisper and vocalization.

It is used in secrecy and great awe, and is often used in conjunction with the Pectoral.

Examples

1. Lady Macbeth. Alack, I am afraid they have awak'd,
And 'tis not done. The attempt and not the deed
Confounds us-Hark! I laid their daggers ready;
He could not miss them-Had he not resembled
My father as he slept, I had done't.

From "Macbeth"-Shakespeare.