citrine, destine, doctrine, engine, ermine, famine, jasmine, marline, lupine (or i), morphine, myrrhine, pristine, rapine, sanguine, turbine, vulpine. But the following require long i: bovine, carbine, carmine, cervine, co-sine, errhine, feline, outline, quinine, strychnine (or -nine), vaccine (or -cine). Even those dissyllables that take the accent on the ultimate are often mispronounced either by misplacing the accent or changing the vowel in the last syllable to long e. The following should be pronounced as marked: calcine', canine', saline', supine', trephine' (or -ène).

The following trisyllables and polysyllables also require long i asinine, aquiline, brigandine, brigantine (or -tin), calcimine, cannabine, capitoline, celandine, columbine, concubine, crystalline, eglantine (or -tin), infantine (or -tin), interne'cine, leonine, metalline, muscadine, porcupine, saccharine (or -rin), saturnine, serpentine, sibylline, superfine, sycamine, turpentine, valentine. The following proper adjectives and nouns, often mispronounced, also take long i: Appenine, Argentine, Palestine, Palatine, Alpine (or -pin), Aldine (or -din), Byzantine (or By-zan'tine), Clementine (or -tin), Florentine (or -tin), Lev'antine (or Le-van'tine).

Many words of three or more syllables require short i. The following take the accent on the penult: adamantine, Alexandrine, amaranthine, Augustine, clandestine, determine, examine, elephantine, hyacinthine, Euxine, illumine, imagine, intestine, predestine. These also require short i, and take the accent upon the antepenult: alkaline (or -line), celestine, coralline, discipline, feminine, gelatine, genuine, heroine, iodine (or -dine), Jacobine, jessamine, libertine, masculine, medicine, nectarine, nicotine, palatine, paraffine, vespertine, Philippine, Tripoline, tourmaline.

In a comparatively few words the i of the ine termination takes the sound of long e. The following are the most important: machine, marine, ravine, routine, säbine', sar'dine (or -din), bombazine, gabardine, guillotine, magazine, quaran

tine, submarine. Guard carefully against sounding the i like long e in the following: ben'zine, bro'mine, brig'antine (or -tin), eglantine (or -tin), calcine', car'bine, morphine, nicotine, paraffine, pristine, quinine, rapine, strychnine (or -nin), turbine, vaccine (or -cin).

15. ite. Less difficulty is encountered with this termination than with any other of this group. Most of the common words require short i; as definite, exquisite, favorite, hypocrite, infinite, opposite, perquisite, requisite, respite. The exceptions, as expedite, parasite, recondite, which require long i, are so familiar as rarely to be mispronounced. Nearly all the medical and chemical terms, as aconite, sulphite, require long i, as also do the terms in geology and mineralogy; as albite, anthracite, andalu'site, apatite, bromite, chlorite, chondrodite, diorite, dolomite, graphite, hepatite, in'dicolite, iolite, kyanite, lepid'olite, malachite, ooʻlite, rubellițe, scapolite, stalactite, stalagʻmite, syenite, zeolite.

16. on. When the unaccented terminal syllable ends in on the o leans toward short u, but in most cases it should be pronounced as short o; as in ribbon, cordon, dragon, gallon.

When the o is preceded by c, ck, s, t, z, it is usually suppressed; as in bacon, beacon, deacon, falcon (faw'kn), beckon, reckon, reason, treason, season, mason, benison (-zn), venison (-zn), poison, prison, garrison, damson (-zn), crimson (-zn), parson, person, lesson, cotton, button, glutton, mutton, blazon. To this rule there are some exceptions; as piston, lexicon, horizon, which sound the o.

17. ort. The o of the unaccented terminal syllable ort should be pronounced with coalescent o, tending slightly toward coalescent u; as in effort, comfort, but in such botanical terms as liverwort, spearwort, feverwort, milkwort, pipewort, and many others ending in wort, the terminal syllable is pronounced like wurt.

18. ory. In words ending in ory, if the accent falls on

the antepenult, the vowel is long o, with a short quantity, and tends slightly toward coalescent u; as in theory, memory, cursory, illusory, satisfactory. If the accent falls on the pre-antepenult, or earlier, there is such gain in stress by the time the o is reached as to amount almost or quite to a secondary accent, and the sharpness of the long o is much more fully preserved; as in predatory, prefatory, ob'ligatory, supererogatory, significatory.

19. ure. This termination is somewhat uncertain. The more precise orthoëpists require a well-preserved long u, slightly clipped, so as to make a close and smooth union with t, or d, or whatever consonant may precede. The more lenient and careless authorities permit almost any pronunciation that will suggest the meaning of the word. While we occasionally hear that pedantic and affected pronunciation which puts the t and d into the penult in such words as nature, verdure, often with a slight hiatus before the u, we much more frequently hear that coarse articulation which changes the t to ch, and the d to j, as in nā'-chur, ver'-jur. With practice it is possible for the clumsiest tongue to form a close and easy union of the consonants t and d with the long u, slightly clipped, and thus to preserve a chaste and elegant pronunciation of that long list of words ending in ure. Practice upon the following words will tend to establish a correct habit in the use of this termination: verdure, figure, tenure, feature, creature, stature, fracture, lecture, picture, structure, culture, vulture, venture, capture, rapture, scripture, torture, pasture, gesture, moisture, posture, future, fixture, ligature, miniature, temperature, literature, legislature, agriculture, architecture, peradventure, intermixture.

Those who would change long u into long oo after 1, as in June, jurist, juniper, would also change the long u in such words as injure, perjure, into long or short oo, and some, perhaps, into coalescent u. But long u may follow j

in monosyllables and accented syllables, and there is no good reason for changing it in the unaccented syllables above referred to. The absence of the accent will obscure the vowel slightly, and cause it to bend toward short oo.

As long u cannot follow the sound of sh, or its cognate zh, the vowel sound in the ure termination of such words is changed by some authorities to long oo, by others to short oo, and by still others to coalescent u. The best current usage is quite uniform in favor of shur and zhur as applied to the words in frequent use, and, for the sake of uniformity, the words less commonly used should follow the same law; as censure, pressure, fissure, tonsure, pleasure, measure, treasure, leisure, closure, composure, exposure, erasure,

seizure.

20. tle. In the termination tle following s, the t and e are both suppressed, leaving l to form the last syllable; as in castle, nestle, pestle, trestle, wrestle, thistle, whistle, epistle, bristle, gristle, jostle, apostle, bustle, hustle, rustle.

PHONETIC ANALYSIS

There is no exercise superior to that of phonetic analysis for securing correctness, as well as distinctness of pronunciation. The clearly defined enunciation of the individual sounds, the close and smooth union of these sounds in syllables with attention to the modifications of the sounds which such combination implies; the proper division of the word into syllables; the correct accent as applied to the several syllables of the word; the due subordination of the unaccented syllables, all combine to render the subject of phonetic analysis the most important in the whole realm of orthoëpy.

In the class-room it will also be found very helpful as a means of enabling the teacher to test the pupils' knowl

edge of pronunciation. To hear each member of a class of forty or fifty pupils pronounce a list of thirty words would involve much more time than is commonly assigned to a single recitation; but a class of a hundred or more persons could write the analysis of that number of words, compare them with the teacher's analysis on the blackboard and report the result, all within an hour.

A wide experience in the work of orthoëpy leads the writer to conclude that, notwithstanding the noble efforts that are being put forth in the elementary schools, many persons have a very limited knowledge of the elements of spoken language. The work of phonetic analysis, as set forth in this volume, will, therefore, begin with the very first steps, and gradually lead to the more advanced work. If the pupils already have some knowledge of the work, the first eight or ten exercises may be taken hurriedly or be entirely omitted, as the teacher may determine.

SUGGESTIONS.

1. Prolong each word in the following exercise, and listen carefully to the sounds made in its utterance.

2. Make the prolonged sounds of equal length so far as possible. 3. Note that the sounds in the syllables no and lo have vocality, and that the first element in the syllables so and ho is merely breath unvocalized.

4. Ear training is the important thing at this stage of the work. The teacher should, therefore, ask only such questions and make such suggestions as will stimulate interest and inquiry, but should not confuse the mind of the pupil with a multiplicity of details.

5. The explosive aspirates t and p cannot be prolonged, but they

should be neatly struck.