[22] HYENA STRIATA,

Found on the mountain from 3000 to 6000 feet. Prowls round native villages. Also met with in Taveita and Taita.

23. CANIS LATERALIS, Scl.

a. Moši, 5000 feet, August.

Very common round the village, to which it is attracted by the chance of stealing refuse, &c.; not otherwise found much above 3000 feet.

[24.] CANIS, Sp.

Mr. Johnston several times saw and heard a species of dog or fox, which he was not able to obtain, but which looked rather like a large fox, and emitted a distinct bark, similar to that of a domestic dog. It is just possible that this was the rare Abyssinian Canis simensis, Rupp., no other animal appearing at all to agree with Mr. Johnston's description. Native name, Nzudu.

[25.] SCIURUS ERYTHROPUS ?

On Kilimanjaro, between 3000 and 7000 feet.

[26] XERUS, sp.

Taveita forest.

[27.] GRAPHIURUS CAPENSIS.

Kilima-njaro, 6000 feet. Nocturnal habits. Vide illustration, p. 392. [28.] Mus, sp. ?

A small black rat infesting native houses.

[29.] AULACODUS SWINDERNIANUS ?

Reported by natives near Taveita. Native name, Mbuku.

[30] HYSTRIX CRISTATA.

Very common in plains.

[31.] LEPUS CAPENSIS.

Killed near Taveita in plains.

32. HYRAX BRUCEI, Gray (1).

a, b. ♂ and 9, 10,000 feet, on the south side of the mountain, 26th October.

Native name in Ki-čaga, Kimburu.

Fairly common in the mountain-forests, where they live entirely in the trees, and not among the rocks. They do not descend below about 7000 feet and range up to 11,000 feet. These two specimens were brought alive to Mr. Johnston; but the female, after giving birth to three young, died almost at once, and the male, refusing to eat, also died in three or four days.

The specimens agree exactly, so far as can be made out from skins only, with the type of Gray's H. irrorata (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1869, p. 242), a species, however, which Mr. Blanford (Geol. Zool. Abyss. p. 252, 1870) has shown to be probably not specifically separable

from the same author's H. Brucei. Mr. Blanford obtained his Abyssinian conies at elevations varying from 2000 to 8000 feet, and it was only to be expected that specimens inhabiting a locality so much

Fig. 73.-Graphiurus Capensis. (a) foot. (b) hand.

further south as Kilima-njaro should have been found ranging as high as 11,000 feet above the sea.

[33.] ELEPHAS AFRICANUS, L.

Mr. Johnston states that he himself saw and shot at elephants at an altitude of no less than 13,000 feet.

34. RHINOCEROS BICORNIS, L.

a, b, c. Horns; Taveita, 2300 feet, end of October.

Very common on the elevated plains at the base of Kilima-njaro, but not ascending the mountain itself. Is not found in the true forest, but only in the bush.

These horns were brought in to Mr. Johnston by the A-kamba people, who obtain them by killing the animals with poisoned arrows. 35. EQUUS BURCHELLI, var. CHAPMANI. Thomas.

a. Taveita, 2300 feet, 25th August.

Very common, in herds of about twenty, on the open plains round the mountain, never ascending above about 2400 feet.

This specimen, like all those I have seen or heard of from localities on or north of the Zambezi, belongs to the so-called Equus Chapmani, Layard, in which the dark stripes extend on the limbs right down to the hoof.

That this form, however, cannot be distinguished specifically from the true E. Burchelli is sufficiently proved by the following sentence, extracted from Mr. T. E. Buckley's useful paper on the distribution of South African mammals: -"Out of five of these animals shot in one herd, there were individuals showing every variation of colour and marking, from the yellow and chocolate stripes to the pure black and white, the stripes in some ceasing above the hock, and in others being continued distinctly down to the hoof." On the whole, the somewhat ugly trinomial "Equus Burchelli Chapmani" seems to express fairly correctly the degree of distinctness to which this northern race has attained.

I am told by Mr. Thomson also that throughout his travels in Eastern Equatorial Africa he has never seen any but this leg-striped race of Burchell's zebra.

[36.] HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS.

Common in Lake Jipé.

[37.] PHACOCHERUs, sp.

Wart-hogs are found on Kilima-njaro up to an elevation of 8000 feet. [38.] BUBALUS CAFFER, Sparrm. (?).

According to Mr. Johnston, buffaloes occur commonly in the forests up to 14,000 feet. Whether these are B. caffer or B. aquinoctialis, Blyth (B. centralis, Gray), is doubtful, but a magnificent pair of horns brought by Mr. Thomson from the same region belong undoubtedly to

P. Z. S. 1865, p. 417.

7 P. Z. S., 1876, p. 282.

B. caffer; and I therefore provisionally refer those seen by Mr. Johnston to the same species.

[39.] GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS.

Very abundant near Taveita, and along Ruvu valley. For native name, see Vocabulary of Ki-čaga, &c.

[40.] OREAS CANna.

The eland is everywhere most abundant in the plains. [41.] STREPSICEROS KUDU, Gray.

Mr. Johnston states that the kudu ranges up to no less than 14,000 feet, at which height it is by no means rare.

[42.] TRAGELAPHUS SYLVATICUS.

8

Common in plains, especially near Taveita. [43.] ORYX BEISA?

A species of Oryx, apparently O. Beisa seen at Ngurungani. [44.] HIPPOTRAGUS NIGER.

Frequently seen in vicinity of Taveita.

[45.] HIPPOTRAGUS EQUINUS.

shot near Taveita.

Vide illustration, Chapter X.

[46.] ALCELAPHUS COKEI.

Most parts of the plains. Vide Chapter IV.

[47.] CONNOCHETES GNU.

Common in plains.

[48.] EPYCEROS MELAMPUS.

The beautiful pallah is everywhere common in the plains. Shot near Taveita. Vide illustration, Chapter X.

[49.] GAZELLA GRANTI?

A Taita hunter showed the author a pair of horns which he had procured from the scene of a lion's repast near Taveita, which seemed to belong to this graceful antelope.

[50.] CERVICAPRA BOHOR.

Common in plains, and apparently inhabiting mountains up to 10,000 feet.

[51.] NEOTRAGUs Kirki?

Vide illustration, ante.

This Neotragus here illustrated was killed in Kilimanjaro at an altitude of over 11,000 feet. It apparently ranges up to 14,000 feet altitude in the dry season.

[52.] CEPHALOPUS MERGENS.

Met with in the grassy plains and near rivers.

[53.] ORYCTEROPUS ÆTHIOPICUS.

Common in the plains.

The same fact has been noticed by Captain R. F. Burton on the Cameroon Mountains. Vide "Abeokuta and the Cameroons," vol. ii.

CHAPTER XIX.

ANTHROPOLOGY.

THE races of man which I am about to enumerate at the commencement in this chapter, extend over a region of Eastern Africa lying between the first degree north of the Equator and five degrees to the south, and bounded on the west by the Victoria Nyanza and the thirty-fourth degree of east longitude, and on the east by the Indian Ocean. I wish, for the sake of comparison, to review all the known races inhabiting this wide stretch of country; but I shall more especially describe those dwelling in the vicinity of Mount Kilima-njaro, with whom I have come into personal contact during my recent stay in that district.

The country which lies between the Victoria Nyanza and the coast, and is circumscribed by the limits I have just cited, offers certain peculiarities of conformation worthy of recapitulation, inasmuch as they doubtless influence the races of men inhabiting those regions. Beyond the fertile cultivated coast-belt, which is rarely more than ten miles broad, begins the Nyika, a strange "wilderness," as its name imports, covered with harsh repellant vegetation, and almost unprovided with running water. Here the rainfall is scanty, and the country bears a parched look all the year round. This semi-desert, except where it is