finally excluded it from our lists in his "Turton" of 1840, observing that it was not even naturalized or acclimatized, for it occurred only in hot-houses warmed with artificial heat. 1

1

Mr. W. Borrer tells me that many years ago the late Sir W. Hooker gave him specimens of this mollusc (together with B. goodallii) from the Royal Gardens at Kew.

BULIMUS OCTONUS Chemn., a West Indian and Central American species, is said to occur in greenhouses in this country. It has been recorded from near Manchester, etc.2

CLAUSILIA PAPILLARIS Müll., of southern Europe, seems to have found a place among our native shells at one time. As stated by Mr. Alder, however, a manuscript copy of Laskey's "North British Testacea," consulted by Forbes, was found to "fully explain the history of the British C. papillaris." The creature occurred, it appears, in Granton Park, near Edinburgh, to which place it had been imported from abroad in moss round the roots of some exotics.3

CLAUSILIA SOLIDA Drap. Of this species, also a native of southern Europe, a single specimen (figured in the supplement to the "British Conchology") is said to have been found at Stapleton, near Bristol, by Mr.

1

Turton, "Zoological Journal," ii. (1826), p. 565; “Manual,” 1831, p. 79; Alder, "Mag. Zool. Bot.," ii. (1838), p. 110; Gray's Turton," 1840, p. 184.

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2 T. D. A. Cockerell," Science Gossip," 1893, p. 26.

3 J. Alder, "Mag. Zool. Bot.," ii. (1838), 111.

Rich. There are extensive nursery grounds in the locality, and it is probable, as Mr. Rimmer has suggested, that the shell was brought from the Continent in the roots of plants or among moss.'

CLAUSILIA PARVULA Studer. Varieties of our common C. rugosa have several times been incorrectly referred to this species, which on this account long ago received a place in our catalogues. The true C. parvula, it is stated in the "British Conchology" (1862), “inhabits the North of France, as well as every other part of the Continent, and may be expected also to be found in Great Britain," and in fulfilment of this expectation, as appears by the supplement to the fifth volume (1869), several specimens have been found by Mr. Grant Allen, at Kinver, near Stourbridge; these, however, it has been suggested, were, in all likelihood, "accidentally or intentionally imported from the continent." Both this and the last species were excluded from the Conchological Society's list of 1883, as not having the slightest claim to rank as British. Continental specimens of both have been turned out by Mr. Baillie, near Brora, Sutherlandshire.

2

Many other foreign molluscs, no doubt, have occurred.

1

"Jeffreys," v. (1869), Supplement, p. 162, pl. xcix. fig. 2; "Rimmer," 1880, p. 178.

2

Gray's "Turton," 1857, pp. 186–8; Alder," Mag. Zool. Bot.," ii. (1838), p.111; "Jeffreys,” i. (1862), p. 280; v. (1869), Supplement, p. 161, pl. xcix. fig. 1; "Rimmer," 1880, pp. 117-18; J. T. Marshall, Science Gossip,” xviii. (1882), p. 261.

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from time to time, especially in gardens and greenhouses. The finding of two Parmacella-slugs in a garden near Newcastle, of a living shell of Helicina amœna in a nursery at Holloway, and of three exotic land-shells in an orchid-house in Nottingham was referred to in the preceding chapter. No doubt they occur, also, somewhat frequently in shops and warehouses, generally dead, but sometimes, as in the case of Helix vermiculata at Barnsley, in a living state. A grocer at Louth once gave me dead shells of Helix virgata (from amongst raisins) and Helix cespitum (from a bag of nuts), and he afterwards found other species. It is probable also that many kinds, brought over from abroad, or received from foreign correspondents, like the Helices and Clausilia above referred to, or mentioned in the preceding chapter, have been intentionally turned out. Helix terrestris, which may possibly obtain a permanent footing, was very probably thus introduced, and it has been recently transplanted by the Rev. J. W. Horsley to his garden at Woolwich. Some South American snails, as already noticed, turned out in an English garden, are known to have survived at least for three or four years.