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REFERENCES.

1. Moss, W. L., Bull. Johns Hopkins
Hospital, 1910, XXI, 63, March.
J. Am. Med. Assn., 1917,
LXVIII, June 23.

2.

tions where they are present but weak; of pitting some other emotion against that of sex, where sex-inhibitions are practically absent; and of

3. Hirschfeld and Hirschfeld, Lancet, the protection of adult humans from

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THE MAKING OF A CHEMIST.

The makers of chemistry were as varied as people of other professions are. Some were genial, like Ramsey, others sarcastic, like Priestley; some hyperkinetic, like Liebig, others hypokinetic, like Crookes (p. 231).

Of the earlier investigators in chemistry a striking number were of the nobility or of the office-holding classsuggesting that those of this class either had especially the leisure or the inclination to do research in chemistry. Thus Boyle was son of the Earl of Cork, Cavendish was the grandson of two Dukes, Cannizzaro the son of a minister of police and of the daughter of a noble Sicilian house. On the other hand, especially in more modern times, were Davy, the son of a farmer and wood carver, Dalton, the son of a handloom weaver, Faraday, the son of a blacksmith.

The comparative knowledge of the biologist is essential to a proper understanding of sex. Hence is to be welcomed a book on sex in society by a zoologist. The job has been done well. The essentially normal nature of the sex impulse is clearly stated. In considering the topic of sex control we do not think the author so happy. Control of the sex instinct is no less biological, no less animal, than exercise of the sex instinct. Just as to kill a furry animal is the instinct of the fox terrier, yet also not to kill her pups or the pet household rabbit, so not to exercise the sex instinct on sibs and children is normal and biologThe hereditary elements are more ical in man (as well as some lower obvious in the case of Ramsay the animals). The normal man is proson of a line of dyers on his vided with a perfectly good mecha- father's side and of a geologist nism for inhibiting his sex impulse, on his mother's; of Liebig, the when it is desirable that it should be son of a color manufacturer; of Berzeinhibited. The trouble is that some lius, the son of a school principal. persons have abnormally weak inhibi- Natural inclination combined with tory mechanisms, just as some animals leisure, appropriate hereditary tastes have, when they eat their young. Al- combined with environment, afford so, as a nervous, excitable, imaginative the best combination for the making animal the sex impulses of the normal of a chemist. man are often too strong for the inhibitions. The problem of sex-control is that of development of the inhibi

W. H. Tilden. 1921. Famous Chemists. The Men and their work. N. Y. Dutton. vi + 296 pp., portraits.

$5.00.

GENERAL ARTEMAS WARD. Artemas Ward was born at Shrewsbury, Mass., Nov. 27, 1727, the product of a consanguineous mating. He grew up as a country boy in a family of six, entered Harvard College in 1744, was graduated 1748, taught school for a year, married Sarah Trowbridge, a granddaughter of Rev. Increase Mather, opened a general store at Shrewsbury and in 1751 became justice of peace and tax assessor, remaining in public office during practically all of the rest of his life. In 1757 he was elected representative of the town to the "General Court," sitting in Boston. He served in the war against the French, was commissioned major in 1757 and the next year, Colonel. He took a prominent part in resisting the British plans of taxation without representation, and became persona non grata to the Governor of the colony, but was elected to the Governor's council despite the Governor's protest. Ward was sent to the first and second provincial congresses. After the battles of Lexington and Concord, Ward was made commanderin-chief of the army besieging Boston, and he arranged for the fortifications

on Charlestown neck which led to the

battle of "Bunker Hill." When Washington was made commander-in-chief of the American forces Ward was commissioned First Major-General and remained in immediate charge of the siege of Boston until the British sailed away.

On account of ill health he then resigned. Ward was elected to the second and third sessions of Congress. He died Oct. 31, 1800.

Ward was an example of the best of the Colonial type in New England; possessed of an excellent understanding, of inflexible integrity, dogged adherence to his opinions, and unquestioned acceptance of the New England

religion. He was a man of few words and these always much to the point. He had an hereditary capacity for social organization. His father was a judge in the Court of Common Pleas and a colonel of the colonial army fighting the Indians. Artemas Ward was strongly inhibited. His record at College was clean; and as storekeeper and farmer his reputation for honesty introduced him, at 23 years, to a long public service. He was industrious and willing to assume responsibility and he served as selectman, town clerk, assessor and justice of the peace all at one time. His good judgment was everywhere conceded and more even than Washington's brought about the evacuation of Boston. His courage is illustrated by the story that in opposing the soldiers of "Shay's Rebellion" who were trying to prevent the judges from attending their duties at the courthouse, Ward stood firm even when the rebels' bayonets pressed on his breast and penetrated his robe.

Ward's conscientiousness was shown by his rising from a sick bed to assume command of the army after the Concord fight and his unceasing reconnoiters on horseback though painfully afflicted with "gravel." Such industry, intelligence, stubborn integrity and matchless intrepidity naturally made him a leader.

Charles Martyn. 1921. The Life of Artemas Ward. N. Y. Artemas Ward. xiii +334 pp.

MOTHERS' PENSIONS LAWS. Up to a certain point in economic welfare, economic ease promotes racial fecundity. Thus the matter of mothers' pensions laws is one of great eugenical concern. It means that increased fecundity and infant survival will take place in that economic level just above the dependent classes and just below the self-supporting middle class. In Bulletin No.

16, "State Laws Affecting Working INFANT MORTALITY IN CENTRAL Women," of the Federal Women's

EUROPE. "With the war, the infant mortality

Bureau, issued under date of July 1, 1921, Mrs. Mildred J. Gordon, indus- rates increased moderately, but much trial research assistant, says: "Forty less than might have been expected, States and two Territories (Alaska owing in part to the comparatively and Hawaii) have mothers' pensions greater decrease in illegitimate than laws. Only eight States-Alabama, in legitimate births, and in part to Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, New the fact that, there being fewer Mexico, North Carolina, South Caro- children to care for, they received prolina, Rhode Island-have no laws portionally better care. There was a granting aid to needy mothers. great shortage of milk, and for this There are almost as many classes of reason many mothers nursed their inwomen entitled to pensions under fants rather than resort to the incerare States tainties of artificial feeding.

these laws as there

66

As a

having such laws. Five States-Flor-matter of fact, this influence for good ida, Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Da- was so great that in some localities kota, and Missouri, outside of Jack-there was an actual decrease in infant son County and St. Louis-have laws mortality. With the rapid increase in broad enough to include grandmothers, the birth rate following the armistice, or stepmothers, or women other there was practically no improvement than their mothers, on whom children evident in infant mortality rates dur are dependent. Colorado alone pro- ing either 1919 or 1920." ... vides for giving a pension to needy parents-i.e., mother, father, or mother and father. Only two States -Michigan and Nebraska-and the Territory of Hawaii give pensions to needy unmarried mothers; and only three States-Colorado, Missouri, outside of Jackson County and St. Louis, and Pennsylvania-make any provision for expectant mothers. The more recent laws are, in general, more liberal. In contrast, however, to the inclusiveness of some laws, nine States California, Utah, Arizona, Connecticut, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, Texas, Virginia-limit the payment of pensions to widows only. Moreover, in all the states the actual sums paid to the women are small. Two states-Florida and Nevada-allow $25 per month for one child, but two other states-Delaware and New Jersey-allow only $9 per month and two more states-Iowa and Vermont-allow only $2 per week.

Among older children there appears to be a slight increase in the death rates, as compared with the prewar period. It is quite evident that deaths among children up to 16 years of age have been less during 1920 than they were during 1917 and 1918; but whether they are less than during the prewar period is not so easily determined. It is certain that during the war there was a certain amount of natural selection, with the result that the children today represent the survival of the fittest; and for that reason under present conditions, which are approaching normal, there remains a group which is unusually sturdy and resistant to infection."

"Mass starvation has disappeared, infant health has steadily improved, and older children appear healthier and better nourished than at the end of the war."

Dr. A. C. Burnham in Jour. Am. Med.

Assn., pp. 454-6, Feb. 11, 1922.

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NOTES AND NEWS. Inheritance of webbed toes as a sexlinked character in man is described by Richard Schofield in the Journal of Heredity for November, 1920. A pedigree chart is given.

Dr. Arthur H. Estabrook, '10, presented a paper on "The Work of the Indiana Committee on Mental Defectives" to the 1922 session of the American Association for the Study of the Feeble-Minded, in St. Louis, in which he showed the part played by the Eugenics Record Office, especially in Dr. Estabrook's analysis of the "Tribe of Ishmael," in making the committee's survey.

"Reginald G. Harris is organizing an African expedition, of which he will

be director. tion of the American Field Service Fellowships Formation and will be known as the American Field Service Scientific Expedition to Equatorial Africa 1922. He is an A. F. S. Fellow in France, now studying at the University of Paris, and will be accompanied by another of the Fellows. The expedition will collect entomological specimens and study race types. Harris was a member of the Cornell University Entomological Expedition to South America 1919-20. The African objective is Madagascar, but stops will be made along the Congo river, at Lake Tanganyika and in East Africa. The expedition leaves Paris in June and will be gone several months." (Brown Alumni Magazine, May, 1922.) It was during the South American Expedition above mentioned that Mr. Harris collected the material for “Eugenics in South America," which appeared in the March number of the EUGENICAL NEWS.

It has the official sanc

DENTAL CARIES AND RACE. Dr. Shafer, dental director of the Standard Oil Company, has gathered and Dr. A. W. Schoenleber of the medical department has sent us data on the dental condition of 2,758 men, classified by nationality. The dental conditions are graded into 4 grades (with certain subdivisions): Grade 1, Perfect to excellent, 236 or 8.6 per cent. of all. Grade 2, Serviceable, 804 or 29.2 per cent. of all.

Grade 3, Probationary (16 or less

teeth), 1,638 or 59.4 per cent. of all. Grade 4, Rejected, on account of oral conditions, 78 or 2.8 per cent. of all. Compared with this standard for all, the gradings for some of the better represented nationalities are as follows:

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were

These statistics, so far as they go, is attributed largely to soft food, and assuming that there was no un- largely of carbohydrates, and sweets. conscious or conscious selection of the The splendid physiological condition candidates from the different nation- of the mouth of the immigrant, so alities, lead to the following conclu- far as tooth decay is concerned, is sions: It appears probable that there attributed to hard food, dark bread, is a racial difference in resistance to macaroni, hard goat's cheese, no dental caries. The American Negroes sweets. The immigrant races and Italians have the largest proportion of perfect teeth. The Polish and Austrians (largely Jews?) rank next and the Irish come last, with the smallest proportion of excellent and satisfactory teeth and the highest proportion of rejection on account of bad teeth. The total of English, Germans, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish amounts to 99 persons. These are hereditary or racial element present

classified in the four classes respectively as 3, 33, 54 and 10 per cent. The rates run only a trifle better than the Irish. Evidently feeble resistance to dental caries is a Nordic trait.

these

largely Italians, Albanians, Jugo-Slavs,
Sicilians, Austrians and Lithuanians.
American children and adults, with
whom
are contrasted, are
largely Nordics. The difference in
tooth condition in the two groups must
be accepted as a fact, but the biologist

wonders whether there is not also a

along with the difference in physiological habits.

TOOTH CONDITION OF IMMI-
GRANTS.

Dr. William P. Cook, D.M.D., in the January-February, 1922, number of The Commonwealth, published by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, draws a striking picture of the contrast between the tooth condition of American children and of immigrants. The poor condition of the teeth of the American child and adult

SIMILAR TUMORS IN TWINS.

The twin sisters of 21 developed each a fibro-adenoma in the left breast, at almost the same time, and in the same part of the breast. The structure of the tumor was alike in

both, and both were removed at the
time. (Abs. from Deutsche
same
fur Chirurgie, Leipzig,
Zeitschrift
March, 1922, by Jour. A. M. A., May 27,
1922, p. 1672.)

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