never allowed to receive their normal | their racial inferiority to the whites. development. In spite of this arti- The content of the fighting forces ficial modification of the soma which has occurred for many consecutive generations, it is, of course, still necessary to bind the leg if the desired modification is to be achieved. There has been no modification of the germplasm. War offers an interesting array of eugenic and dysgenic effects in any place or among any peoples. South America presents a peculiarly interesting field for speculation, for there exist, side by side, races of widely different development. In any nation the problem of what individuals should make up its standing army, or should fill its fighting units in the event of war, is important enough, even though the selection is exercised only among individuals of the same race. When there is a possible selection among extreme races, when whites and Indians are in the same nation, or the content of a nation is augmented by the presence of Negroes, then the question of who shall compose its fighting force is decidedly more momentous. Everybody is already acquainted with the fact that lasting differences between races do exist. We are familiar with the evidence brought forth in support of this contention, viz.: that development and achievement vary when races are isolated, that variation of accomplishment also occurs between two races when they are competing side by side, and that the contributions to the social inheritance of mankind from the several extreme races is not equal. All of these types of evidence have been brought forward in demonstrating that the permanent race differences do exist among the races of South America, and that, in general, the Indian and Negro races have exhibited of the several nations should be based on an appreciative understanding of the existing racial differences. The Indians of Chile, as has already been noted, make excellent warriors, bold and daring to a remarkable degree. The Quichuas and Aymarás, of Bolivia and Peru, while not so bold as the Araucanians, are, nevertheless, steady, persistent, trustworthy soldiers. It is clear that the Indians of the western coast countries should comprise the mass of the armies, and, happily, this is true to a certain extent to-day. Even in Argentina, where Indians are few in number, one sees them frequently among the troops stationed in the Provences. But one Brazil, with a population in which there are many Negroes, many whites, and a fairly large number of aborigines, has, perhaps, the best opportunity for exercising wise selection in the formation of its army. must remember that Brazilians do not consider the Negroes as a race inferior to the whites. The response which Brazil makes is not based upon racial selection. Recently, Brazil has adopted a form of universal training, the practical result of which it was too early at the time of our visit to observe. The officiers in many instances, especially in the armies which are trained by Europeans, are now being enrolled from the upper classes. This is true of Chile and Argentina especially, and more recently of Bolivia and Peru. South America presents one of the most striking examples in history of the drastic wartime diminution of a race. During the war of Paraguay with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, the population of Paraguay was reduced to a startling degree. A glance It at the population of the nation before | criminate racial inter-breeding. and after the war will serve to convince has been stated that the cause of the us of the truth of this assertion. At inferior development of these several the beginning of the war in 1864 the nations is the numerical predompopulation of Paraguay was 1,337,437. inance of inferior stock. Some, howFive years of struggle reduced the ever, may maintain that it is a result population to a total of 221,709. A of environment rather than heredity. clearer conception of the dysgenic in- It is often held that tropical climates fluence of this reduction is obtained inhibit the expression of the excellenwhen one considers the composition | cies of an individual or race which of the total population in 1869 when would be expressed were the individthe war ended. Of the 221,709 people ual or race surrounded by a more then resident in Paraguay, 26,746 were men, 106,254 women, and 86,079 children. These statistics show clearly not only the awful decrease in the number of male inhabitants in the country, and the consequent abnormally large ratio of women to men, but even more strikingly the unusually small number of children, which is even less than the number of women. David Starr Jordan, in commenting upon this case, says that, "Here in a small area has occurred a drastic case of racial ravage without parallel since the Thirty Years' War." The somewhat similar destruction of the males among the Araucanians of Chile, and the consequent high ratio of women to men, after the long struggle with the conquistadores, has been mentioned previously. Certainly there is need in South America of exercising extreme care in the formation of an army in the several countries where whites and Indians, or whites, Indians, and Negroes exist side by side. It has been previously noted that the countries of South America where the Indian and hybrid elements of the population predominate numerically have not realized the height of development which has been achieved in the United States where juxtaposition of widely divergent human races not produced extensive and indis temperate climate. The lack of development among the Negroes of Africa and among some South American peoples has often been attributed to the influence of the environment. But the rôle of environment vs. heredity, or in conjunction with heredity in South America will be made fairly clear by a comparison of the peoples of Peru and Argentina, for example, where the differences of environment, though not wholly absent, are comparatively small, but where the differences in parent stock and in inherited possibilities are great. An understanding of the people of Argentina and other South American countries, to-day, can be obtained only after a consideration of European immigration. Immigration into Argentina has occurred to an extent unequalled save in the United States. The total population of Argentina on December 31, 1909, was said to be 6,805,684. Of this number about 50 per cent. or 3,409,540 were immigrants. Between 1857 and 1909, inclusive, there had immigrated into Argentina: Italians Spaniards French Russians ... .1,892,721 882,271 192,436 93,349 64,252 44,971 43,856 Germans Danes, North Americans, and Swedes | velopment in the absence of a large follow in the order named. continual influx of Europeans is because the total Indian population, estimated at 170,000, is not sufficient to be a severe handicap to the country. Obviously there is no comparison between the probable effect of 170,000 Indians in Chile, some of whom are Patagonians and have in Between 1909 and 1914, a period of five years, the total immigration since 1857 increased to 4,665,725 or over 50 per cent. of the total population. The four leading nations at this time were Italians 2,284,882; Spaniards 1,472,579; French 214,198; and Russians 160,672. During the war period | fluenced the whites scarcely at all, immigration fell off a bit, in 1915 there being 86,166 immigrants, while in 1917 there were only 51,665. But at the time of our visit in 1920, in spite of the fact that immigration officials were more strict than formerly, due to the fear of the entrance of radicals, Italian and other Europeans were beginning to arrive in large numbers. To-day the Argentine is one of the most, if not the most progressive country of South America, and there can be little doubt that its progress is due in no small measure to its overwhelmingly large percentage of European and other white stock. Uruguay is also a country which has advanced rapidly; and it is again significant to note that its population of 2,548,000 individuals is without Indian or Negro constituency. On the other hand of the 2,889,970 people resident in Bolivia in 1900, 51 per cent. were Indians, 27 per cent. were Mestizos, while less than 13 per cent. were whites. There has been little recent immigration into Bolivia. Similarly in Peru there were at the last official census in 1876, 2,660,881 inhabitants of whom less than 11 per cent. were whites. Immigration into Peru is also deplorably small. Even in Chile, with a total population of over four millions, the total immigration between 1905 and 1914, the beginning of the European war, is given as only 25,544. No doubt the reason why Chile shows so high a de and the more than 2,000,000 Indians and hybrids in Bolivia. Paraguay, a country sadly backward in its development, with an estimated population of 1,000,000 in 1916, had but 60,000 foreigners, of which 30,000 were from Argentina. It is significant that by far the bulk of the population is composed of Indians. Brazil with a population said to have been 27,473,579 in 1917 had received about three and one half million immigrants, for the most part Latins, including 1,361,266 Italians; 976,386 Portuguese, and 468,583 Spaniards; while the state of Rio Grande do Sul, like Southern Chile, contained a large German colony, numbering 122,830 and composing more than half the population of the state. The types of immigrants in South America, for the most part Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, French, and other Europeans, are already SO familiar to the eugenicist of North America that a repetition of their characters will not be made here. It is, however, of extreme interest to know what in general have been the results of immigration in South America, and to note whether or not immigration is desirable there. There can be no question that the extereme progress of Argentina, Uruguay, and certain parts of Brazil and Chile is due to the preponderance of the white race over other races. It is equally certain that the comparative the expense of the Nation during the time fixed by articles 45, 46 and 47. "2. To be placed at work, or in that industry existing in the country, to which he prefers to devote himself. "3. To be transported, at the expense of the Government, to the place in the Republic where he wishes to fix his residence. duty, objects of use, clothes, furniture, agricultural implements . . etc. backwardness of Bolivia, Peru, and "1. To be lodged and nourished at other South American countries where Indians and hybrids are greatly superior in numbers to the whites, is due to the numerical predominance of the inferior races. After all, the climate of much of Peru and Bolivia cannot with any fairness be termed tropical, in spite of the fact that the countries lie within the tropics. The climate of both countries is in a large | "4. To introduce free of customs' part not greatly dissimilar to that of Argentina or Chile. The great difference of the contrasted countries lies in the racial content rather than the environment. There can be no reasonable doubt that the observed difference in national progress among the several nations is due primarily to the self-demonstrated disparities in their human stock. Those nations whose population is chiefly white are progressive, while those whose constituency is largely Indian and hybrid are backward. It is natural and logical to conclude that a numerical superiority of white stock in, and consequently European immigration to, South American is highly desirable. Argentina, it is true, is so located as to be fairly easily reached by immigrants from Southern Europe. But at the same time the Argentine government has realized the value of introducing European blood into its country. It has invited Europeans, especially Italians, Spaniards, and French, to make their homes in Argentina. As early as 1876 it had enacted an immigration law extremely generous to the immigrant; for example, Article 14 states in part"Any immigrant who sufficiently establishes his good conduct and his aptitude for any industry, art or useful profession, will have the right, upon entering the territory, to enjoy following advantages: Nor did these advantageous laws remain unknown, for they were translated into foreign languages, and together with other information made available to prospective immigrants. Argentina has received a large number of immigrants not only on account of its location but also because it has encouraged immigration; and it has benefited in so doing. In Peru and Bolivia the possible effects of extensive immigration are twofold. In case racial interbreeding between the immigrants and aborigines did not take place to any large degree the Indians would eventually either be placed in reservations, as in the United States and Southern Brazil, or they would occupy a position in some degree similar to that of the Negroes in certain parts of the northern United States. Their status would not be one of overwhelming numerical superiority. They would be valuable factors in the agricultural and economic development of the country, under white leadership, but they would not overrule the country with their unambitious, lethargic method of existence. The wresting of the numerical power from the Indians and hybrids of Peru and Bolivia would no doubt be followed by national progress and development, especially if race-crossing were discontinued. In convinced of the value of selective immigration, especially in Peru and Bolivia, and other countries to the north not included in this study. At the same time public opinion should be educated against indiscriminate crossing of whites with Negroes or Indians, an experiment which thus far has not produced satisfactory results. the event that racial interbreeding were not discontinued, progress, though less rapid, might still be expected if the white immigration were sufficient, for it has already been noted that the aboriginal elements of the population are more likely to succumb to the struggle for existence, than the European elements. In any case it is certain that increased immigration of European stock to Peru and Bolivia would faciliate national development and is desirable. One naturally wonders if in the presence of such an opportunity and need for the practice of the theories of eugenics there are no individuals who have interested themselves in the cause. For the most part there has been little attention given to eugenics in South America. Recently, however, some of the most far-sighted doctors of Buenos Aires have realized the value of eugenics, and a society has been formed under the leadership of Dr. Gallardo. Unfortunately Dr. Gallardo was absent upon his summer vacation during my visit to Buenos Aires. The society holds meetings from time to time, and no doubt it is only a question of time before its influence will be effectively felt. At Corba, Argentina, Dr. Delfino has shown his interest in eugenics by publishing an appeal for legislation prohibiting the marriage of individuals carrying serious contagious diseases. I called upon Dr. Delfin who was eager to receive the support and commendation of the leading scientists of the world, that his proposed legislation might have more weight with the provincial government. Such reforms will no doubt be slow of accomplishment. But there is no reason why several of the governments should not be immediately CONCLUSIONS. The characteristics and social inheritance of the peoples which entered early into the mixing of races in South America have been noted. It has been seen that the several races, white, Negro, and Indian, were not all at the same degree of development; that the Negro and Indian races have been drastically acted upon by lethal factors of natural selection. From various kinds of evidence, viz.: height of development in isolation, amount of contribution to the social inheritance of mankind, and finally, comparative response to racial competition, it is concluded that both the Indian and Negro races, as represented in South America, are inferior to the white race. In spite of this fact, no barriers to racial interbreeding, save the barrier of social class, are found existing commonly in South America. Consequently, race mixing has been going on, almost unchecked, since the earliest days of conquest and colonization. Nor, speaking generally, have the resulting hybrids been looked down upon by any of the pure blood parent stocks. The hybrids themselves have generally been of a type intermediate between the two parent stocks, both physically and mentally. There have been some exceptions in both directions of development: some exceptionally brilliant, and some exceptionally stupid. In spite of this seeming |