which the parties submitted to it. This was taken to mean that the submission was to be voluntary; and the plan was modified accordingly, with a proviso, however, that powers willing to accept the compulsory jurisdiction might do so by making a special declaration to that effect.

THE PLAN ACCEPTED

The Council, after amending the draft, submitted it to the Assembly; and the Assembly appointed a committee to examine the amended draft and report upon it. This committee was composed of very competent men. It carefully went over the amended draft and incorporated certain changes in it; and, when the work of the committee was completed, the Assembly voted upon the revised draft and unanimously adopted it. The act thus passed is called the Statute of the Court. It is the Court's fundamental charter, and has become effective, not only by virtue of the terms of the Covenant, but by virtue of the signature and ratification of an independent protocol or convention.

Under the Statute the Permanent Court of International Justice consists of fifteen members, eleven of whom are judges, and four of whom are deputy judges. Candidates for membership are nominated by the various national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which has not been displaced; and the election is made, from a list of these nominees, by the concurrent votes of absolute majorities of the Council and the Assembly, sitting and voting independently. The function of the deputy judges is to take the place of judges who may be absent. The

full Court, as a trial body, consists primarily of the
eleven judges; but, if a judge is unable to be present,
then a deputy is called to take his place. Nine mem-
bers may constitute a quorum for ordinary business.
The first election of judges and of deputy judges
was made in September, 1921, and, soon after the
election, the judges of the Court were summoned to
meet at The Hague, in special session, for the purpose
of organizing the Court. By the Statute, The Hague
is the meeting place and not Geneva. Geneva, as you
know, is the seat of the League, but by the Statute
The Hague is the seat of the Court. So the Court
was summoned to assemble at The Hague for the
purpose of organizing. The members of the Court
first met at The Hague on the 30th of January, 1922;
and after a preliminary organization was effected,
there was a formal opening of the Court on the 15th
of February, 1922.

PERSONNEL OF THE COURT

Now I will say something of the Court's personnel which is naturally a subject of interest; and I will take the judges in the order of age, except myself—I will put myself last, not as the youngest, but for other

reasons.

First, there is Lord Finlay. Lord Finlay will be 82 years old in July next, but, f you were to see him and talk with him, you would not suspect it. I received from him only three days ago a copy of an address that he had just delivered at Edinburgh on the importance of classical education. He made the address on the occasion of his election as President of the Scottish Association for the Encouragement of

Classical Studies. He is a native of Scotland, and an enthusiastic student of Scotch history and literature as well as of the ancient classics. He has had a most distinguished career. When in active practice, he was the recognized leader of the English Bar. He was then made Attorney General, and later was appointed to the office of Lord Chancellor. He represented, by the way, the British Government in the North Atlantic Fisheries Arbitration before the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, in 1910.

Mr. Root represented the United States in the same litigation.

After Lord Finlay comes Mr. Loder, the President of the Court. The Statute requires the President of the Court to live at The Hague, but I do not mean to say that Mr. Loder was elected President of the Court because he lived at The Hague; but it was convenient for him to remain there, although at the moment I believe he is in Egypt. Mr. Loder has had a most distinguished career. He was one of the founders of the International Maritime Committee in 1896. He has been a member of various international conferences. He was a member of the Supreme Court of The Netherlands.

Next comes, or did come, Mr. Ruy Barboza, of Brazil. He was one of the most eminent of Brazilian statesmen and lawyers, but he died in February of last year, and there was chosen to succeed him, in September last, Mr. Epitacio Pessoa, lately President of Brazil, who had previously been Minister of Justice, as well as a member of the Federal Supreme Court. He is eminent as a lawyer and as a jurist.

Then comes, in the order of age, Mr. Nyholm, of Denmark, a member of the Council of State of

Denmark. He was, at the time of his election to the Permanent Court, a judge of the International Court of Cairo, of which he had been Vice-President since 1916.

Next in order is M. André Weiss, who was elected Vice-President of the Court. I may remark that the Court elects its own President and Vice-President. M. Weiss is a member of the Institute of France. He was a Professor of International Law at the University of Paris, and is the author of a number of treatises on private international law.

Following Mr. Weiss, is Mr. de Bustamante, dean of the Havana bar, Professor of International Law at the University of Havana, eminent as a practitioner, statesman, diplomatist and author.

Likewise of Spanish stock is Mr. Altamira, of Spain; a Spanish Senator, a professor at the University of Madrid, and President of the Ibero-American Institute of Comparative Law.

Then comes a judge from Japan, Dr. Oda, Professor of International Law at the University of Kyoto, of which he is also Rector. He made a special study some years ago of the usages, manners and laws of China.

There is also a judge from Italy, Mr. Anzilotti, who is Professor of International Law at the University of Rome, Jurisconsult to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and editor of that well known publication Revista di Diritto Internazionale, one of the best periodicals on international law in the world.

The youngest of the judges, Dr. Max Huber, is from Switzerland. Dr. Huber, while honorary Professor of International Law at Zurich, is Jurisconsult to the Swiss Government in matters of foreign

affairs. He was the Swiss Government's delegate to the Second Peace Conference at The Hague, in 1907, and he represented Switzerland at the Peace Conference in Paris, in 1919. He is the author of numerous works.

For information concerning myself, I will refer the inquirer to "Who's Who."

A majority of the judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice are also members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

Of the four deputy judges, the oldest is Mr. Yovanovitch of Serbia. He is President of the Supreme Court of Appeals of Serbia, and a well known authority on Serbian Law, on which he has written numerous works.

Mr. Beichmann, the next deputy judge, is President of the Court of Appeals of Trondhjem, Norway. He was President not long ago of the Arbitration Commission for the settlement of certain claims against Morocco, and still later served as the President of the Arbitral Commission on the case of what is known as the Jaffa and Jerusalem Railway.

Then there is Mr. Negulesco, of Roumania, who is a professor at the University at Bucharest. He was a member of the Committee of the Assembly which revised and reported the Statute.

The youngest deputy is Dr. Wang, of China. He is a graduate of Yale University. After his graduation he studied law for nearly four years in England. Subsequently he studied law nearly five years in Germany, and made a translation into English of the German Civil Code, which drove out of the market an English translation previously made by a person whose native tongue was English. He was Minister