pose of informing himself and the officers of the Endowment somewhat fully and precisely as to conditions prevailing in that part of the world. Dr. Eliot travelled round the world in the period between November 7, 1911 and August 10, 1912. His time for observation and study, with the exception of a single week in Hawaii, was spent wholly in the Far East between December 2, 1911, the date of his arrival at Colombo, and July 13, 1912, when he left Yokohoma. Dr. Eliot's very important and highly constructive report entitled Some Roads Towards Peace was made public in the autumn of 1913 as publication No. 1 of the Division of Intercourse and Education. A first edition of this report consisting of 5,000 copies was quickly distributed and in response to a continuous and widespread demand a second edition of 25,000 copies was printed. It is not necessary here to summarize Dr. Eliot's report. His conclusions and observations were most helpful and his specific recommendations received earnest and sympathetic study not only by the Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment, but by those charged with the administration of other large funds, some portion of the income of which might properly be used in satisfaction of the needs which Dr. Eliot so clearly indicated.

As a result of Dr. Eliot's visit the Government of China requested in 1913, through the Department of State, that the Carnegie Endowment should nominate a suitable scholar to serve as technical adviser to the new Government in constitutional and administrative law. In response to this very flattering invitation, Frank J. Goodnow, LL.D., now President of Johns Hopkins University, was designated by the Endowment and went to China. Dr. Goodnow was succeeded by the late Dr. Paul S. Reinsch who devoted the rest of his life to the task, as official adviser to the Chinese Government and as American Minister to China. It is certain that the advice of these two Americans was of vital influence in the building of the constitutional framework for the Republic of China.

From the outset it was clear that while it was desirable to encourage the work of peace societies it was also most essential to reach and influence large numbers of persons who while not ready to associate themselves with peace societies were willing to assist in building up an international public opinion and international relationships which would promote peace and sustain the cause of international arbitration. A book entitled The

Great Illusion by Norman Angell, dealing with the material aspects of the futility of war had been accepted by the press, even by that portion quite hostile to its thesis, as one that deserved serious consideration. The Division arranged for the translation of this book into Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Spanish and Swedish and for its effective distribution in inexpensive form in the countries where these languages were read as well as in English speaking countries.

On August 3, 1911, when the newspaper warfare between England and Germany was at its height and when every effort was making to embitter the relations of the two peoples, the British Secretary of State for War, Viscount Haldane, delivered before the Summer Session of Oxford University a scholarly and impressive address upon England and Germany: A Study of National Characteristics. While this address made no direct reference to pending questions of international politics, and while it did not discuss even indirectly the peace movement, it was such an address as, coming from a high officer of state in one country could not fail favorably to impress the public opinion of another, by reason of the dignity and elevation of its tone and by the keen and clearsighted appreciation of national character which it revealed. With the consent of Lord Haldane a German translation of this address was made for the Division and was widely circulated in Germany in the belief that it could not fail to have a favorable effect upon the very disturbed public opinion of the

moment.

Substantial subventions were made to the Bureau International Permanent de la Paix at Bern, Switzerland, and to l'Office Central des Associations Internationales at Brussels, Belgium, in order that these organizations might develop the work already established for international cooperation and international peace. Various periodicals published for the same ends were given financial support. Mention has already been made in the preface of this document of the support given the American Association for International Conciliation in its important work.

Dr. Inazo Nitobe came to this country under the auspices of the Division during the winter 1911-12 to visit six American colleges and universities for periods of approximately six weeks each. He had opportunity, in addition to whatever formal academic lectures were arranged, to meet in the freest possible way teachers and students, as well as citizens of the neighborhood,

and to address on various subjects boards of trade, chambers of commerce, literary, scientific, fraternal and other organizations. The educational value of such international visits cannot be questioned. The addresses delivered by the traveller in the countries that he visits bring to the people of those countries a closer and more intimate knowledge of the history, the culture and the ideals of the nation which the visitor represents and, on the other hand, such a visitor brings back to his own home a wealth of similar information about other peoples which information he usually imparts to his fellow-citizens from time to time through the medium of interviews, addresses, articles in the newspapers, in magazines and in books.

The work so far recorded covers the achievements of the Division during the first year of the existence of the Endowment. It has been presented in detail in order that the reader may have a conception of the first steps taken by the Division in fulfillment of its task. In reviewing some of these efforts in the light of subsequent events the cynic smiles; and well he may. Human nature is not to be made over in a day or in a year or in a century. Nor is human judgment infallible. Work of this kind must of necessity be perfected by experience. To those who, aghast at the infinite suffering caused by war, look for action that will bring about its speedy abolition, it must be firmly and clearly stated that the Endowment cannot hope to accomplish so great a task. Its work is based upon the belief that moral conviction and moral principle will eventually take precedence over brute force and that cooperation and friendly helpfulness will thrust aside rivalries and threats of international violence. Its aim is to encourage to the uttermost such moral conviction and such friendly cooperation. It will not cease to work for the accomplishment of this aim even though that accomplishment be in the far distant future.

The material presented above will be found in the Annual Report of the Director dated November 16, 1912. In the limited space of this document it would of course be impossible to describe every activity of the Division. In the Year Books of the Endowment, which are to be found in many libraries and on the desk of almost every Foreign Office and diplomat and which may be had for the asking, will be found a complete history of the development of the Division's work.

As a result of a visit to South America made in 1913 at the

invitation of the Division of Intercourse and Education by Mr. Robert Bacon, formerly Secretary of State and American Ambassador to France, a new branch of the work of this Division was organized for the purpose of making the peoples of the various American republics better known to each other. This branch has steadily developed and now forms an integral part of the work as the Interamerican Section of the Division. Under its auspices in 1914, a group of twelve American educators from the United States visited South America, where the utmost courtesy and helpfulness were extended to them and opportunity offered at every hand to gain and to impart national impressions and national good will. At the Second Pan American Scientific Congress held in Washington, December 27, 1915 to January 7, 1916, in addition to the official delegates sent by their respective governments, a delegate from each of the twenty-one American republics was invited to attend the Congress by each of the three Divisions of the Carnegie Endowment. The Interamerican Section entered heartily into the work of the Congress and took advantage of every opportunity to increase the future usefulness of its own work. The offices of the Interamerican Section are always open to visitors seeking information regarding the American countries. The Section publishes each month the magazine Inter-America, which is now a recognized medium of communication between the Americas, and the Biblioteca Interamericana, a series of translations of American literature from English into Spanish, is being issued under its auspices.

During the World War work in the Eastern Hemisphere had naturally to be largely suspended. The Advisory Council was unable to meet and the subventions to the various organizations and periodicals mentioned above were necessarily withheld. In fact these subventions have never been renewed. It has become more and more evident to the Division with time and with experience that its work must be conducted under its direct supervision as in the case of the Interamerican Section. The Division is responsible to a Board of Trustees for the expenditure of trust funds and it was soon found that the granting of a large subvention regularly to an independent organization acting upon its own initiative made this accounting very difficult. Honest differences of opinion constantly arise as to the wise expenditure of such funds. One instance will suffice to illustrate this fact. Of the substantial subvention granted during the first year to

the Bureau International Permanent de la Paix at Bern, a large proportion was devoted to the publication in editions of 20,000 of a magazine entitled The Peace Movement, in English, French and German. To the Division this appeared a duplication of labor and expenditure of Endowment funds, since the Division was already supporting a number of publications of the same character in Europe. Moreover, this step did not commend itself to many of the prominent collaborators of the Endowment in Europe. As it is not possible or reasonable to ask an independent organization to submit every project for approval before taking any initiative, the policy of the Division has gradually changed. A study of the more recent reports of the Director will show that allotments are now made only for a specific purpose and for a definite period. An allotment of this kind was that made to aid in the entertainment of the distinguished French Academicians who came in the spring of 1922 as guests of the American Academy of Arts and Letters to take part in the celebration of the Molière Tercentenary. The Division also provided funds for the expenses of the American delegates who attended the Conference of the Interparliamentary Union at Copenhagen in 1923.

This change of policy has necessitated an enlargement of the organization at the headquarters of the Division in New York to which reports upon all special undertakings are made and where the work is carried on under the personal guidance and general supervision of the Director aided by the Assistant to the Director. A substantial item in the budget of the Division is now the allotment to the European Bureau for work in Europe.' This money is expended with the advice and approval of the Advisory Council.

Curiosity has been expressed as to how the sums at the disposal of the Division are expended. It may be stated frankly that the Division is quite unable to meet even a small fraction of the demands made upon it for aid to organizations, institutions and individuals working for the promotion of international peace and understanding. The least of the difficulties confronting the Division has been how to spend its income. The question has simply been how to spend it wisely. The allotments made for the support of the work entrusted to it are expended with scrupulous economy. No extension of the work into new fields 1 See page 103 Le Centre Européen