servation in additional geographic areas pursuant to the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries of 1949.

In 1971, the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) initiated a conservation plan which was implemented for the United States through legislation passed in the 92d Congress. In 1973, in order to take into account the migratory movement of certain species of fish outside the original area covered by the 12-nation international Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, ICNAF agreed to extend the zone of its fish conservation scheme southward from Rhode Island to Cape Hatteras, N.C. The ICNAF scheme requires vessels of member nations to accept U.S. and other ICNAF inspectors in the extended area, as well as in the conservation area proper.

The new law enabled the United States to participate in this scheme and requires an annual report from the Secretary of State advising the Congress on the costs incurred in reimbursing travel and per diem expenses of not more than five members of the industry advisory committee.

(3) Anadromous Fish Conservation Act Amendments.-On July 20, 1974, legislation (Public Law 93-362) was approved by which Congress reaffirmed and extended its commitment to support a Federal-State program intended to provide for the conservation, development, and enhancement of the U.S. supply of salt water and Great Lakes fish, which ascend rivers and streams to spawn. Anadromous fish begin their lifespan in fresh water, eventually migrate to salt water where they usually spend most of their lives and, finally, return to fresh water (usually to the stream of their birth) at maturity to spawn and usually to die having completed their lifespan. During their ocean existence, anadromous fish migrate through territorial and international waters, thus requiring cooperation in their management, not only by the States of the United States, but by the United States and foreign countries as well. Under the Fish Conservation Act of 1965, which would have expired June 30, 1974, States were provided assistance for the construction of fish passages around dams and programs to insure clean water for spawning and rearing young fish. The new amendments extend the termination date to June 30, 1979, and increase the appropriations authorized in the act from $10 million to $20 million per year.

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL ISSUES 1

The 93d Congress in its second session considered a number of international social issues: human rights; the crime of genocide; terrorism; narcotics; and the world food crisis of resources and distribution.

Human Rights.-In 1974 congressional concern for human rights was manifested by the various hearings held on the subject, and by the enactment of section 46 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-559). This section expressed:

The sense of Congress that, except in extraordinary circumstances, the President shall substantially reduce or terminate security assistance to any government which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violation of internationally recognized human rights, including torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; prolonged detention without charges; or other flagrant denials of the right to life, liberty, and the security of the person.

The President is to advise Congress of extraordinary circumstances necessitating security assistance to any government engaging in such human rights violations, and a government's cooperation in permitting investigation of alleged human rights violations by appropriate international organizations is to be given consideration in determining whether such a government receive security assistance.

The Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs has shown continued interest in human rights during the 2d session of the 93d Congress. On March 27, 1974, the majority of members of the subcommittee released a report entitled, "Human Rights in the World Community: A Call for U.S. Leadership," presenting policy recommendations on international protection of human rights. The subcommittee held hearings on human rights in various regions: on human rights in Chile (jointly with the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs); on human rights in Africa (jointly with the Subcommittee on Africa); on human rights and détente (jointly with the Subcommittee on Europe); on human rights in Korea (jointly with the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs); and on torture and oppression in Brazil. In addition the subcommittee held a hearing to review the activities of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights.

On July 23, 1974, the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees held hearings on the human rights situation in Chile. The Genocide Convention.-For the first time since it was originally submitted to the Senate in 1949, the controversial U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ex. O., 81st Congress, 1st session) was debated by the Senate in executive session (January 28 to February 6, 1974). The main proponents of ratification of the treaty argued that after 80 countries have already become parties to the convention, U.S. ratification would simply

1 Prepared by Vita Bite, Foreign Affairs Analyst.

be a declaration of conscience against the crime of genocide. The proponents stated, moreover, that U.S. reservations and understandings to the convention would guarantee that an American's constitutional rights would be protected, if he were prosecuted for the crime of genocide. The opponents of ratification argued that the United States understandings and reservations would not adequately protect a citizen against extradition to a foreign country for trial without the procedural guarantees which U.S. trial would provide. Two motions for cloture of debate on the Genocide Convention failed to achieve the needed two-thirds vote (February 5: 55-36; February 6: 55-38).

International Terrorism.-Congress has shown serious concern for curbing international terrorism. After considerable disagreement about the specific provisions of the measure, both Houses of Congress were able to agree and on August 5, 1974, legislation (Public Law 93-366) was enacted to implement The Hague Convention for the Suppression and Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft. The act provided for imposition of life imprisonment or the death penalty in cases where the death of another results from the commission of an offense under the act. It authorizes the President to suspend civil air traffic with any foreign nation which does not abide by The Hague Convention, or aids and abets terrorist groups, or with any nation which continues air service to a nation which encourages hijacking. The act also authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury with the approval of the Secretary of State to restrict the operations of foreign carriers when their governments do not maintain adequate security standards.

On May 5, 1974, the Senate adopted Senate Resolution 324 condemning the terrorist threat against the lives of 90 Israeli children as well as acts of terrorism. It urged the President and the Secretary of State to call upon all governments to condemn the act of violence, and the countries where terrorist groups and individuals are found to take appropriate action to rid their countries of those who subvert the peace through terrorism and senseless violence.

The Subcommittee on Near East and South Asia of the House Foreign Affairs Committee held hearings on terrorism and counterterrorism on June 11, 18, and 19. The House Committee on Internal Security held extensive hearings on terrorism (February 27 * * * August 20, 1974). The same committee prepared a staff study on terrorism discussing terrorist organizations in various areas of the world as well as terrorist acts in the United States.

On November 18, 1974, the President sent to the Senate for its approval the 1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons. The Senate, did not, however, take any action on the treaty during 1974.

The Committee on Public Works in its report on H.R. 17463 to amend title 3 of the United States Code, to provide protection for foreign diplomatic missions, and to increase the size of the Executive Protective Service, added an amendment to the bill whereby the protection of the Executive Protection Service might be provided to:

Foreign diplomatic mission located in metropolitan areas (other than the District of Columbia) in the United States, and in its territories and possessions, where there are located 20 or more such missions headed by full-time career officers, except that such protection shall be provided only upon request of the affected metropolitan areas.

The bill as reported would also provide reimbursement to State and local governments providing protection to foreign diplomatic missions in the United States (other than in the District of Columbia) at the request of the Secretary of the Treasury. The House did not take any action on this bill before adjournment.

International Narcotics.-Pursuant to section 653 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations transmitted a report to Congress on April 9, 1974, showing proposed revisions of fiscal year 1974 country and international organization allocations for international narcotics programs. The total amount allocated to country programs, international organization programs, and worldwide programs was $42.5 million. The largest individual sums went to Turkey ($15.0 million), Thailand ($6.6 million), Mexico ($4.6 million), and for worldwide program training costs ($6.9 million).

On February 25, 1974, the Senate Committee on the Judiciary held hearings on S. 1646 and S. 2544 to implement the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (signed at Vienna on February 21, 1971, and awaiting Senate approval). The Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security of the Committee on the Judiciary on May 9 and 16 held hearings on the world drug situation and its impact on U.S. security. Testimony was given by a large number of witnesses from Government, medical, and academic circles.

Under a ban on poppy production worked out between the United States and Turkey in 1971 which came into effect in the fall of 1972, the United States agreed to provide $35.7 million to Turkey to help offset the economic effects of such a ban. During the 2-year period when the ban was in effect it is estimated that the number of people addicted to heroin in the United States dropped from between 500,000 and 700,000 to about 200,000. The House Committee on Foreign Affairs in mid-May, 1974, released a committee print entitled, The Politics of the Poppy, a report of a study mission to Turkey, March 14-16, 1974. The report attempted to assess the possibility of renewed Turkish production of the opium poppy and the possible consequences of the end of the ban negotiated with the United States nearly 3 years ago. On July 1, 1974, the Turkish Government did, indeed, announce the lifting of the ban. This action led to the introduction in the House of House Concurrent Resolution 507 calling on the President to negotiate a ban on Turkish opium production. A total of 30 similar and identical bills were introduced in the House having 251 sponsors and cosponsors. On August 5, 1974, the House passed this resolution which called on the President in the event of the failure of all efforts to work out a ban on opium production to suspend assistance to Turkey. (See section on the Middle East.)

World Food Crisis.-Congress struggled in 1974 to reconcile the traditional humanitarian role of the United States with the increasing global food crisis, diminished resources, and growing economic problems in the United States. Numerous bills and resolutions were considered which proposed systems for food reserves, short- and longterm food assistance and famine relief programs, and methods for resolving fertilizer and food shortages. Although much of the proposed legislation relating to the food crisis did not receive final action, the following bills and resolutions were enacted in 1974.

After hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on July 11, the Senate on August 7 passed Senate Resolution 329 relat

ing to the participation of the United States in an international effort to reduce the risk of famine and lessen human suffering. It expressed the sense of the Senate that the United States should contribute to the alleviation of the immediate economic and human crisis of the developing world by providing assistance in the form of food and the means and technology to produce it.

In September 1974, the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements and on Foreign Economic Policy held hearings on U.S. food policy and world food needs. The House passed on December 9, House Resolution 1399, which stated that the United States should help poor countries increase agriculture production, promote economic and social development, increase emergency food aid, and seek an international agreement for a system of food reserves, and the President should encourage reduction in the domestic consumption of fertilizer for nonfarm uses.

On November 25 the Senate passed H.R. 16901, making appropriations for agriculture, environmental, and consumer protection programs for fiscal year 1975, which included the Clark amendment giving highest priority to the allocation of funds (under Public Law 480) to those nations most seriously affected by current food shortages. It was enacted on December 31, 1974 (Public Law 93-563).

On November 26, the Senate approved Senate Resolution 437 which recognized the Monday of Thanksgiving week, November 24, 1975, as a National Day of Fasting.

On December 3 the Senate agreed to Senate Resolution 440, which stated that the United States should continue to cooperate fully with other nations in the implementation of the agreements reached at the World Food Conference and the World Population Conference (held November 6-15, 1974) wherever and whenever possible.

The problem of balancing a humanitarian response to foreign starvation with lowered U.S. food supplies and a weakened economy was the subject of hearings held in December by the Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs.