8. Convinced that peace and justice encompass an economic dimension helping the solution of the world economic problems, the liquidation of underdevelopment, offering a lasting and definitive solution to the industrialization problem for all peoples and guaranteeing to all countries the right to implement freely and effectively their development programs. To this effect, it is necessary to eliminate threats and resort to force and to promote peaceful cooperation between states to the fullest extent possible, to apply the principles of noninterference in each others' internal affairs, full equality of rights, respect of national independence and sovereignty as well as to encourage the peaceful cooperation between all states, irrespective of their political, social and economic systems. The further improvement of international relations will create better conditions for international cooperation in all fields which should make possible large financial and material resources to be used, inter alia, for developing of industrial production,

9. Considering further that the remaining vestiges of alien and colonial domination, foreign occupation, racial discrimination, and the practice of apartheid, and neocolonialism in all its forms continue to be among the greatest obstacles to the full emancipation and progress of the developing countries and their populations,

10. Bearing in mind that the situation in the developing countries has become aggravated by the persistent and marked tensions to which the present international economic situation is subjected and that to these must be added as well as the unacceptable practices of those transnational corporations that infringe the principle of sovereignty of developing countries, the effects of the inflationary increase in the import costs of developing countries, the pressures exerted upon their balance of payments particularly by such factors as heavy foreign debt servicing, the aggravation of the international monetary crisis, and the transfers resulting from private investment and that this situation is not conducive to the spirit of the new international economic order,

11. Recognizing that problems of industrial development in developing countries at their present stage of development do not lie entirely in those countries but also arise from the policies of most of the developed countries, and that without meaningful changes in the economic policies of the developed countries, the achievement of the objectives of a new international order would be in serious jeopardy,

12. Recognizing that the developing countries constitute 70 percent of the world population and generate less than 7 percent of industrial production, that the gap between the developed and developing countries has been widened owing, inter alia, to the persistence of obstacles in the way of the establishment of a new international economic order based on equity and justice,

13. Taking into account the fact that industrial progress has not displayed significant advances in the developing countries as a whole, in spite of serious efforts on their part, and that, in many cases, the dependence of their economies on the export of primary goods and the measures taken in the majority of the developed countries have not made it possible to achieve a profound dynamic effect which would be capable of transforming internal socio-economic structures and laying the basis for real development,

14. Bearing in mind that any real process of industrialization worthy of the name must conform to the broad objectives of self-sustaining and integrated socioeconomic development and that all countries have the sovereign right to make the necessary changes to ensure the just and effective participation of their peoples in industry and share in the benefits deriving therefrom,

15. Noting with anxiety that the present international crisis has aggravated the industrialization problems of the developing countries, resulting, inter alia, in the under-utilization of resources, constraints in the planning and execution of industrial projects and increasing costs of industrial inputs, equipment and freight charges,

16. Aware that some of the obstacles which are inhibiting industrial expansion in the developing countries are of an internal structural nature, and that there also continue to exist numerous impediments arising from colonial and neocolonial policies or new forms of dependency,

17. Considering the present general trend of industrialized countries to reduce the technical and financial assistance needed to promote the economic and social development of developing countries in general and their industrial

development in particular, as well as the unsatisfactory terms of the assistance given,

18. Considering also that development assistance is a legitimate need and that neither in its present volume nor form is it sufficient, particularly taking into account the worsening of the terms of trade of the developing countries and the drainage of their resources,

19. Observing with concern the grave consequences with which the present international crisis confronts the developing countries as a result of growing inflation and economic instability, aware of the need to establish a just and equitable relationship between the prices of raw materials, primary commodities, manufactured and semimanufactured goods exported by the developing countries and the prices of raw materials, primary commodities, foodstuffs, manufactured and semimanufactured goods and capital equipment imported by them, and to work for a link between the prices of exports of developing countries and the prices of their imports from developed countries,

20. Convinced that the establishment of a new and just international economic order based on the common interests and cooperation of all states can only be achieved through the equitable participation of the developing countries in the production and exchange of goods and services, in order to achieve just and equitable international economic relations,

21. Persuaded that, since not all developing countries have socioeconomic structures which permit them, through industrialization, to attain the objec tives pursued by the establishment of a new international economic order, it is essential to adopt more favorable treatment for the least developed, landlocked and island developing countries to render possible harmonious and balanced development,

22. Having decided to adopt a common position and line of action, SOLEMNLY DECLARE

23. Their firm conviction of the role of industry as a dynamic instrument of growth essential to the rapid economic and social development of the developing countries, in particular of the least developed countries;

24. Their firm intention to promote industrial development through concerted measures at the national, subregional, regional, interregional and international levels with a view to modernizing the economies of the developing countries, and in particular those of the least developed countries, and eliminating all forms of foreign political domination and socioeconomic exploitation wherever they might exist;

25. Their resolve to ensure the speedy and effective implementation of the principles of industrialization laid down in the International Development Strategy for the 1970s which is being adapted to the Program of Action on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order;

26. That in order to facilitate the establishment of a new international economic order and the achievement of the targets set forth in the Declaration on that subject, a system of consultations be established in the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and other appropriate international bodies between developed and developing countries;

27. That countries, particularly developed countries, should undertake an objective and critical examination of their present policies and make appropriate changes in such policies so as to facilitate the expansion and diversification of imports from developing countries and thereby make possible international economic relations on a rational, just and equitable basis;

28. That, in view of the low percentage share of the developing countries in total world industrial production, recalling General Assembly Resolution 3306 (XXIX), of December 14, 1974, and taking into account the policy guidelines and qualitative recommendations made in the present Declaration, their share should be increased to the maximum possible extent and as far as possible to at least 25 percent of total world industrial production by the year 2000, while making every endeavor to ensure that the industrial growth so achieved is distributed among the developing countries as evenly as possible. This implies that the developing countries should increase their industrial growth at a rate considerably higher than the 8 percent recommended in the International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade; 29. That the governments of the developing countries should adopt, in order to accelerate industrialization, all measures which would ensure the exercise of their national sovereignty over their natural resources and the full utiliza

tion of these resources and of human and material potential at their disposal, not only at the national level but also within the framework of systems of economic cooperation;

30. That in order to render really effective the full utilization of their available human resources, conditions should be created by the developing countries which make possible the full integration of women in social and economic activities and, in particular, in the industrialization process, on the basis of equal rights;

31. That, in order to carry out their national development plans, and, in particular, those involving industrialization, the developing countries should raise the general cultural standard of their peoples, in order to have available a qualified work force not only for the production of goods and services but also for management skills, thus making possible the assimilation of modern technologies;

32. That every state has the inalienable right to exercise freely its sovereignty and permanent control over its natural resources, both terrestrial and marine, and over all economic activity for the exploitation of these resources in the manner appropriate to its circumstances, including nationalization in accordance with its laws as an expression of this right, and that no state shall be subjected to any forms of economic, political or other coercion which impedes the full and free exercise of that inalienable right;

33. That the principles set out in the Charter of the Economic Rights and Duties of States must be fully implemented. Consequently, it is the right and duty of all states, individually and collectively, to eliminate colonialism, apartheid, racial discrimination, neocolonialism, occupation and all forms of foreign aggression, and domination and the economic and social consequences thereof, as a prerequisite for development. States which practice such policies are responsible to the countries, territories and peoples affected for restitution and full compensation for the exploitation and depletion of, and damage to, the natural and other resources of these countries, territories and peoples. It is, in addition, the duty of all states to extend assistance to these countries, territories and peoples;

34. That effective control over natural resources and the harmonization of policies for their exploitation, conservation, transformation and marketing constitute for developing countries an indispensable condition for economic and social progress;

35. That special attention should be given to the least developed countries, which should enjoy a net transfer of resources from the developed countries in the form of technical and financial resources as well as capital goods, to enable the least developed countries in conformity with the policies and plans for development, to accelerate their industrialization;

36. That developing countries with sufficient means at their disposal should give careful consideration to the possibility of ensuring a net transfer for financial and technical resources to the least developed countries;

37. That special emphasis should be laid on the need of the least developed countries for the establishment of production facilities involving a maximum utilization of local human resources, the output of which meets identified material and social requirements, thus assuring a convergence between local resource use and needs as well as offering adequate employment opportunities;

38. That in view of the needs to conserve nonrenewable resources, all countries, particularly developed countries, should avoid wasteful consumption and, in that context, the developing countries possessing such resources should formulate a policy of economic diversification with a view to acquiring other means of financing which are not based on intensive exploitation of those resources;

39. That the international community, and especially the developed countries, must mobilize human and material resources in order to cope with problems which threaten the environment. In this connection, the developed countries should intensify their efforts to prevent environmental pollution and should refrain from actions which according to scientific knowledge would create pollution problems or cause upheavals in developing countries; 40. That the countries concerned should:

(a) Fully discharge their obligations under the International Development Strategy;

(b) In the context of the review and appraisal mechanism of the International Development Strategy:

(i) Consider withdrawing the reservations they expressed at the time of the adoption thereof, and

(ii) Consider entering into new commitments thereunder; and

(c) Consider withdrawing the reservations they expressed at the time of the adoption of the Declaration and Program of Action on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order with a view to its full implementation. These countries should also, together with the developing countries, consider formulating, adopting and implementing codes of conduct and other instruments designed to assist in the establishment of a new international economic order;

41. That the developed countries should adhere strictly to the principle that the generalized system of preferences must not be used as an instrument for economic and political pressure to hamper the activities of those developing countries which produce raw materials;

42. That the unrestricted play of market forces is not the most suitable means of promoting industrialization on a world scale nor of achieving effective international cooperation in the field of industry and that the activities of transnational corporations should be subject to regulation and supervision in order to ensure that these activities are compatible with the development plans and policies of the host countries, taking into account relevant international codes of conduct and other instruments;

43. That the developing countries should fully and effectively participate in the international decisionmaking process on international monetary questions in accordance with the existing and evolving rules of the competent bodies and share equitably in the benefits resulting therefrom;

44. That urgent discussion should be continued in competent bodies for the establishment of a reformed international monetary system, in the direction and operation of which the developing countries should fully participate. This universal system should, inter alia, be designed to achieve stability in flows and conditions of development financing and to meet the specific needs of developing countries;

45. That steps should be taken to strengthen and restructure UNIDO, thereby making it more responsive to the needs of developing countries and especially the least developed countries in the promotion of industrialization and in the establishment of a new international economic order;

46. That in the strengthened and restructured UNIDO, developing countries, including the least developed countries, should be given greater participation at all levels in the policymaking and management activities of the Organization, and that their membership be substantially increased on the Industrial Development Board;

47. That it is urgently necessary that the developing countries change their traditional method of negotiation with the developed countries. To bring this about, they must undertake joint action in order to strengthen their negotiating position vis-à-vis the developed countries. For this purpose, the developing countries must consider all possible means of strengthening the action of producers' associations already established, encourage the creation of other associations for the principal commodities exported by them, and establish a mechanism for consultation and cooperation among the various producers' associations for the purpose of the coordination of their activities and for their mutual support, in particular as a precaution against any economic or other form of aggression;

48. That developing countries should use effective means of strengthening their bargaining power individually and collectively to obtain favorable terms for the acquisition of technology, expertise, licenses and equipment, fair and remunerative prices for their primary commodities and improved and substantially liberalized access to the developed countries for their manufactures;

49. That developing countries should place a premium on self-reliance in their development effort for the realization of their full potential in terms of both human and natural resources and, to that end, adopt meaningful and concerted policies and pursue action directed towards greater technical and economic cooperation among themselves;

50. That developing countries should lend support to the concept of an integrated and multisectoral approach to industrial development whereby the

technological and the socioeconomic implications of the process are fully taken into account at both the planning and implementation stages;

51. That, in view of the basic complementarity between industry and agriculture, every attempt should be made to promote agro-based or agrorelated industries which besides arresting rural exodus and stimulating food production activities, provide an incentive for the establishment of further natural resource-based industries;

52. That developing countries should devote particular attention to the development of basic industries such as steel, chemicals, petro-chemicals and engineering, thereby consolidating their economic independence while at the same time assuring an effective form of import-substitution and a greater share of world trade;

53. That the educational system be adapted in order to give young people an appreciation of industrial work and that policies and programs should be adopted to train the qualified personnel needed for new sources of employment created in the developing countries, at the regional and subregional levels. The training activities linked with the industrial development must be conceived in such a way that they make possible the processing of natural resources and other raw materials in the country of origin and the establishment of permanent structures for specialized, rapid, large-scale and high quality training of national labor at all levels and for all professional specializations, whether technical or managerial without discrimination with regard to sex;

54. That coordinated programs of literacy and workers' training must be conceived to ensure professional promotion and development of local expertise at all levels of employment;

55. That appropriate measures should be taken by developing countries to organize research institutions and establish training programs to cover the needs of their industrial development and make possible progressive mastery of the different production and management techniques and of industrial development, thus facilitating the establishment of structures to absorb modern technologies;

56. That intensive efforts should be made by the competent bodies to fomulate an international code of conduct for the transfer of technology corresponding to needs and conditions prevalent in developing countries by defining terms and conditions to such transactions to take place under the most advantageous conditions for those countries;

57. That in view of the foregoing, the Conference adopts the various measures set forth in the following Plan of Action.

B. Plan of Action

I. Measures of national scope

58. In the developing countries national industrialization policies should lay emphasis on the following elements:

(a) The formulation of long term and clearly defined industrialization plans and strategies which rest in the first place on national effort and the introduction of concrete measures and institutional machinery for their execution, continuous appraisal and, if necessary, adjustment. Appropriate attention should be given to the development of the government sector and national planning;

(b) In the formulation of industrialization plans and strategies, the characteristics of each country in the light of its social and economic structure should be given due consideration. In addition, social justice should be a guiding factor in achieving the objectives of raising the living standards and eliminating extreme social disadvantages and unemployment, particularly among young people. To this end, proper industrial development should permit such growth as is required for economic development and should also be a powerful factor for the promotion of technology and growth in other sectors, and the realization of the aspirations of mankind. It should also, by the orientation of its objectives, make a positive contribution to world peace;

(c) The promotion of an integrated industrialization process based on the potential of each country, with the object of achieving the highest degree of interaction between industry and the other sectors of the economy, in particular, agriculture, by setting up agro-industrial research centers, developing new agricultural areas and introducing new crops for industrial purposes;