nent residence in that state in connection with family reunification with its citizens and see that they are afforded opportunities equal to those enjoyed by its own citizens for education, medical assistance and social security.

(c) Marriage between Citizens of Different States

The participating states will examine favorably and on the basis of humanitarian considerations requests for exit or entry permits from persons who have decided to marry a citizen from another participating state.

The processing and issuing of the documents required for the above purposes and for the marriage will be in accordance with the provisions accepted for family reunification.

In dealing with requests from couples from different participating states, once married, to enable them and the minor children of their marriage to transfer their permanent residence to a state in which either one is normally a resident, the participating states will also apply the provisions accepted for family reunification.

(d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons

The participating states intend to facilitate wider travel by their citizens for personal or professional reasons and to this end they intend in particular: -gradually to simplify and to administer flexibly the procedures for exit and

entry;

-to ease regulations concerning movement of citizens from the other participating states in their territory, with due regard to security require

ments.

They will endeavor gradually to lower, where necessary, the fees for visas and official travel documents.

They intend to consider, as necessary, means—including, insofar as appropriate, the conclusion of multilateral or bilateral consular conventions or other relevant agreements or understandings-for the improvement of arrangements to provide consular assistance.

They confirm that religious faiths, institutions and organizations, practicing within the constitutional framework of the participating states, and their representatives can, in the field of their activities, have contacts and meetings among themselves and exchange information.

(e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective

Basis

The participating states consider that tourism contributes to a fuller knowledge of the life, culture and history of other countries, to the growth of understanding among peoples, to the improvement of contacts and to the broader use of leisure. They intend to promote the development of tourism, on an individual or collective basis, and, in particular, they intend:

-to promote visits to their respective countries by encouraging the provision of appropriate facilities and the simplificaton and expediting of necessary formalities relating to such visits;

-to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or arrangements where necessary, cooperation in the development of tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways to increase information relating to travel to other countries and to the reception and service of tourists, and other related questions of mutual interest.

(f) Meetings among Young People

The participating states intend to further the development of contacts and exchanges among young people by encouraging:

-increased exchanges and contacts on a short or long term basis among young people working, training or undergoing education through bilateral or multilateral agreements or regular programs in all cases where it is possible; -study by their youth organizations of the question of possible agreements relating to frameworks of multilateral youth cooperation;

-agreements or regular programs relating to the organization of exchanges of students, of international youth seminars, of courses of professional training and foreign language study;

-the further development of youth tourism and the provision to this end of appropriate facilities;

-the development, where possible, of exchanges, contacts and cooperation on a bilateral or multilateral basis between their organization which represent wide circles of young people working, training or undergoing education; -awareness among youth of the importance of developing mutual understanding and of strengthening friendly relations and confidence among peoples.

(g) Sport

In order to expand existing links and cooperation in the field of sport the participating states will encourage contacts and exchanges of this kind, including sports meetings and competitions of all sorts, on the basis of the established international rules, regulations and practice.

(h) Expansion of Contacts

By way of further developing contacts among governmental institutions and nongovernmental organizations and associations, including women's organizations, the participating states will facilitate the convening of meetings as well as travel by delegations, groups and individuals.

For the text of the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States, including Principle VII on respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, see ante, Ch. 2, § 1, pp. 8-12. For the full text of the Final Act of the CSCE, see Dept. of State Bulletin, Vol. LXXIII, No. 1888, Sept. 1, 1975, pp. 323-350. For reference to other provisions of the Final Act, see index entries, this Digest, under Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) (1975).

Right to Life

International Terrorism

On January 27, 1975, the United Nations Committee on Relations with the Host Country considered a number of terrorist incidents which had recently been directed against the Permanent Mission in New York of the Soviet Union and two other missions residing in the Soviet Mission complex. Ambassador Barbara M. White, United States Representative in the Committee, deplored the incidents and expressed the deep regret of the United States authorities. In her statement she referred to international terrorism as a global phenomenon and to the problems of the international community in its efforts to control it. The following are excerpts from Ambassador White's statement:

The United States has attempted, through the United Nations as well as through other channels, to stimulate a global attack on terrorism. We have achieved far from all that we have sought and that the circumstances require. Our multilateral, bilateral and unilateral efforts must and will continue.

The international community has a clear obligation to face up to the threat of terrorism in all its forms. I do not intend to

speak here on the role of the United Nations in this area, but only to call attention to the fact that this body does have certain obligations which it has yet to fulfill. The international community must increase its determination, its vigilance and its capacity to meet the expanding threat.

The United States, like other nations, has a continuing obligation to safeguard the most fundamental right of all, the right of life. This right clearly transcends any debate on diplomatic privileges and immunities, any dispute on legal rulings, any complaints, retorts, charges, countercharges, assertions, or rebuttals which might be raised. We fully recognize that fundamental obligation, as well as our legal commitments.

the outrageous acts of a few terrorist-oriented individuals in New York City are as unacceptable to the United States as they are to our colleagues and friends in the Soviet Missions. The United States Government has so advised the Soviet Government in Washington, New York, and Moscow. Mayor Beame immediately issued a statement condemning this wanton act of terrorism. Ambassador Scali and I both expressed our profound regrets to the Mission. Furthermore, United States authorities are conducting a thorough review of security procedures and have initiated steps to ensure that every legal means is taken to apprehend and punish the offenders, as well as to prevent

recurrences.

I believe it would be appropriate to call the Committee's attention to the contents of a note which my Mission transmitted to the Soviet Mission. I will quote from pertinent portions of this note.

"Local and Federal authorities are urgently examining the various questions raised in the Soviet Mission's note. All efforts are being made to attempt to determine the person or persons responsible for firing the two bullets into the Ukrainian Mission's premises. As concerns efforts to limit or moderate demonstrations occurring in the vicinity of the three missions, the American authorities are continuing to implement practical measures which might be taken. For the information of the Soviet Mission, in the demonstration of January 19, 1975, some 47 demonstrators were arrested for disorderly conduct and two of them were charged with felonious assault on the police."

we should not overlook the possibility that those who shot into the Soviet Mission may well have had as their objective to harass and possibly to reverse the steady development of good relations between the Governments of the United States and the Soviet Union. For anyone to suggest that the United States Government is in any way involved in the attack has the effect of playing into the hands of these extremists. Not only is such an assertion completely without foundation, it can only

encourage those who are bent upon disrupting United StatesSoviet relations.

the United States views this incident with great seriousness. Once again, our attention is called to the problems that the international community has in controlling the menace of international terrorism. It is the pledge of my Government that all possible steps will be taken to find those responsible, see that they are brought to justice, and to do whatever is in our power to prevent recurrences.

For the full text of Ambassador White's statement, see Press Release USUN5(75), Jan. 27, 1975. Notes verbales from the Permanent Mission of the Soviet Union to the Permanent Mission of the United States alleging "hostile and criminal acts" against the Soviet missions in New York are contained in U.N. Doc. A/AC.154/70, Jan. 23, 1975, and A/AC.154/76, Jan. 27, 1975. Similar notes from the Ukrainian and Byelorussian Permanent Missions are contained respectively in U.N. Doc. A/AC.154/71 and A/AC.154/73, Jan. 23, 1975. Reply notes from the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations addressed to the Soviet and Ukrainian Missions are contained in U.N. Doc. A/ AC.154/75, Jan. 27, 1975.

On May 14, 1975, Robert A. Fearey, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, Coordinator for Combatting Terrorism, made a statement before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, in which he described the U.S. interagency structure to combat international terrorism and the action which the U.S. Government takes in protecting official establishments abroad. Mr. Fearey emphasized that foreign governments have the primary responsibility for protection of foreigners within their territory, but that the United States takes action to complement and reinforce that of the foreign government. At the request of Subcommittee counsel, Mr. Fearey furnished for the record two sets of U.S. policy guidelines for dealing with terrorism which are set forth below:

U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY GUIDELINES FOR DEALING WITH TERRORISM IN THE UNITED STATES HAVING INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OR IMPLICATIONS

1. The U.S. Government seeks to maintain firm, effective and consistent anti-terrorist policies at home and abroad.

2. We seek to exert leadership, by example and by diplomacy, in attempting to find collective solutions to this international problem.

3. The U.S. Government is committed to pursue legal remedies in dealing with terrorists and endeavors to influence other governments to do likewise.

4. Under principles of customary international law, the host government of a country where an act of terrorism occurs is

responsible for providing protection to foreign nationals within its territory, including securing their safe release from captors. 5. Accordingly, in an incident in the U.S. involving foreign nations, the U.S. Government undertakes negotiations to secure the release of hostages. The FBI, under guidance from the Attorney General, has clear responsibilities in this effort, in collaboration with other law enforcement agencies. The Department of State exercises responsibilities in any aspects touching on relations with other governments.

6. The U.S. Government does not pay ransom, release prisoners or otherwise yield to blackmail by terrorists groups.

7. We establish effective communication with terrorists whose hostages are under U.S. protective responsibilities, avoiding hard and fast positions, except as noted above, while seeking to reduce, or ideally to terminate, danger to hostages.

8. The U.S. Government generally opposes but cannot prevent foreign governments, private individuals, or companies from meeting terrorists' demands, including payment of ransom.

9. The U.S. Government adheres to the principle that a terrorist should be prosecuted for criminally defined acts of terrorism within the country of commission or be extradited to a country having appropriate jurisdiction to try the offender.

10. While political motivations such as the achievement of selfdetermination or independence are cited by some individuals or groups to justify terrorism, the U.S. rejects terrorism in any circumstances. Political objectives should be addressed in appropriate forums rather than by resort to violence against innocent bystanders.

11. The U.S. Government seeks the reduction or elimination of the causes of terrorism at home and abroad, including legitimate grievances which might motivate potential terrorists.

U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY GUIDELINES FOR DEALING WITH TERRORISM INVOLVING AMERICAN CITIZENS ABROAD

1. The U.S. Government is concerned with the security of American citizens no matter where they may be, even though primary legal responsibility for their protection rests with the country in which they are located. The U.S. Government, as employer, has an additional protective responsibility for its employees caught in terrorist situations. If terrorists seize Americans abroad, our Government reminds the host government of its primary responsibility to cope with such terrorists and to effect the safe release of the American hostages, whether they enjoy diplomatic status or otherwise. Early agreement is sought with the host government on that objective: the safe return of the hostages by whatever means may be appropriate and if possible without providing an incentive for future terrorism.

2. The U.S. Government establishes close contact with the host government and supports it with appropriate resources to help achieve that objective. We look to the host government to conduct negotiations with the terrorists but reserve the right to