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bishops and lawyers who had encouraged Henry to put her away and quarrel with the Pope.

2. As soon as she became queen, she sent for the bishops who claimed to have the Pope as Head of the Church, and she called together all the members of the House of Lords, and all the members of the House of Commons, and made them kneel down humbly and confess that King Henry's Parliament had done very wrong in casting off the Pope; and then the Pope was once more declared to be the Head of the Church in England.

3. Then she was persuaded by the friends of the Pope to punish the bishops who had taken part with King Henry, and she condemned them to be burned to death. More than two hundred people besides were burnt by her. A strong stake used to be driven into the ground, and fagots of wood were heaped up round it; and then the man who was condemned to die was tied to the stake, and the fagots were kindled, and the flames rose up and consumed him.

4. Those who were for the Pope were called Roman Catholics, and those who were against the Pope were called Protestants; and for more than a hundred years there were constant wars between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants all over Europe.

5. Queen Mary married Prince Philip, the son of a very great emperor, called Charles V., who ruled over half Europe and part of America. Philip was on the Pope's side, and persecuted his Protestant subjects. It was partly to please him that Mary was so cruel to the Protestants in England. The English people hated

him. He had cold, proud manners; and he tried to act in England as if he were the King of the English, which Parliament had made a law to forbid. But after

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a time Philip became King of Spain, and the Netherlands, and many other lands. So he went away from England and lived in Spain, which made Queen Mary very unhappy; for she was exceedingly fond of him, though he did not care at all for her.

death was sad too.

6. Poor Queen Mary had a very sad life, and her Her people hated her because of all the martyrs who had suffered death in her reign; and she died lonely and broken-hearted, leaving no one behind her who was sorry when she was gone.

37. QUEEN ELIZABETH (R. 1558-1603).

1. When Queen Mary died, her half-sister, the Princess Elizabeth, came to the throne; and then everything was changed again. Elizabeth was twenty years younger than Mary, and of a much gayer temper. She loved dancing and hunting, and pageants and banquets. She was handsome and graceful, and had a beautifully white skin and a quantity of golden hair; and she liked to ride through London and show herself to the people, who admired her, and were always pleased to see her. She was clever too, and had been as well educated as her brother Edward. She could read Greek and Latin, as well as French and Italian and Spanish; and she could talk gravely with learned men when she chose. There were a great many learned men at her court, and a great many poets, and a great many smart young courtiers; and they all admired her very much, and wrote poetry about her and paid her compliments.

2. Elizabeth was quite determined not to allow the Pope or anybody else to meddle in any English business, and she was determined to be obeyed in all things by all her subjects, as her father had been. She

took away from the Roman Catholics their offices, and put many of them into prison, and made them pay fines for not going to church; and in the same ways she punished those Protestants who objected to be governed by the bishops she appointed.

3. Though King Philip of Spain had no love for Queen Mary, he was vexed when she died, because then he ceased to have any power in England, and England no longer obeyed the Pope. So he determined to marry Queen Elizabeth. But Queen Elizabeth would not have him; she knew very well that if he became her husband he would insist upon ruling himself, instead of allowing her to rule. Moreover, the English people whom she loved would have been displeased with her if she had brought back Philip.

4. At last King Philip fitted out a magnificent fleet, and sent it against England, to compel Elizabeth and the English to serve him. He called it the " Invincible Armada," because Armada is the Spanish word for a fleet, and invincible meant that no other force could conquer it.

5. But the English sailors at that time were the best and bravest sailors in the world; for though their ships were very small, they were accustomed to sail all over the ocean since the way to America and the Indies had been discovered. So, though the admirals and captains knew the fight would be a terrible one, they were not afraid. They collected all their ships of war, and waited for the Spanish ships.

6. At last the great fleet sailed along the English Channel and anchored opposite Dover, and on board

the ships were chains and fetters with which to bind the English. Then in the night the English admiral set eight of his oldest ships on fire and sent them all in flames into the midst of the Armada. Wherever they came the Spanish ships caught fire from them, and all were in terror and confusion. At daybreak the English admirals sailed up and attacked them, and after a gallant fight the Spanish ships turned and fled out of the Channel towards Scotland.

7. But a great storm arose and scattered them, and so the Invincible Armada was all destroyed. Some ships sank, some were burnt, some were driven upon the rocks and wrecked, some were taken by the English, and very few of the Spaniards ever got back alive to Spain.

38. MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS (B. 1542; D. 1577).

1. At the same time that Elizabeth was Queen of England, her cousin, Mary Stuart, was Queen of Scotland. Her father, the King of Scotland, died when she was eight days old; and before she was a year old the crown of Scotland was put upon her head, and she was called "Mary Queen of Scots." King Henry the Eighth of England was her uncle, and, like Edward I., he wanted her to marry his son, Edward VI., that the two kingdoms of England and Scotland might be united. But the Scotch people did not wish this. So the English sent an army into

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