modern collection established was that of the American Library at Manila founded through the efforts of Mrs. Charles R. Greenleaf, the wife of General Greenleaf, and based upon books contributed by the Red Cross Society of California. This was turned over to the Philippine government in 1901 and is now under direction of the Bureau of Education. It is housed in a large building constructed by the Spanish government. The Bureau of Science also has an excellent collection, which is rich in material relative to the resources of the Philippines. AUSTRALASIA.

Australia.- Great interest in libraries has been evidenced in Australia, virtually all of which are state supported. The most important libraries of Australia are the New South Wales Public Library, Sydney (1869; 258,742 vols.), the Victoria Public Library, Melbourne (1854; 254,756 vols.) and the Adelaide Public Library (85,804 vols.). The Victoria Library is housed in a splendid new building, erected in 1915. There are two modern university libraries, the Sydney University (100,000 vols.) and the Melbourne University. Tasmania has also established a system of public libraries. While none of these are large they are growing rapidly. The largest collection is the Public Library of Hobart, containing about 50,000 volumes. A library association was founded in 1902 and reorganized in 1911.

New Zealand.- New Zealand is not less alive to the value of libraries, which have been encouraged by very liberal library acts. The four largest centres of population, Auckland, Wellington, Christ Church and Dunedin, each has an excellent collection, the largest being the Auckland Free Public Library with approximately 100,000 volumes. Dunedin Library is housed in a Carnegie building erected at a cost of $50,000. Trained librarians, only, are employed in New Zealand libraries, whose interest in their work is shown by the organization of a library association in 1910.

AFRICA.

Although there are a few libraries in northern Africa, such as the Bibliothèque Universitaire (58,620 vols., 135,252 theses) at Algiers, and the Bibliothèque Khediviale (75,000 vols., 12,000 MSS. at Cairo, it is only in South Africa that any noteworthy progress is evidenced. This has been encouraged by the enactment of library laws, the first being an ordinance passed by Cape Colony government in 1818 establishing the South African Public Library at Cape Town. This was given the copy-privilege in 1836. Grants of money have been made from time to time. library is very rich in local history, due in part to the bequest (1862) of the large collection of Sir George Grey, the famous colonizer. Collections of books are to be found in nearly all of the South African centres, notably Fort Elizabeth, Durban, Kimberley, Johannesburg, etc. See also LIBRARY DATA; LIBRARY PERIODICALS.

The

Bibliography.-General References: Adams, 'Public Libraries and Popular Education' (Albany 1900); American Library Annual (New York 1911-); Brown, Manual of Library Economy (London 1907); Clegg,

'Directory of Booksellers' (London 1902); Edwards, 'Free Town Libraries) (London 1869); id., 'Memoirs of Libraries' (2 vols., London 1859); id., 'A Statistical View of the Principal Public Libraries in Europe and America (3d ed., London 1894); Greenwood, 'Public Libraries) (London 1894); id., 'Year Book) (London 1897, 1900-01); Larned, 'History for Ready Reference) (Springfield 1901); Library Association Yearbook (1891-); 'Literary Yearbook' (1897-); Pellison, 'Les bibliothèques populaires à l'étranger et en France (Paris 1906); United States Bureau of Education, 'Papers prepared for the American Library Association. Annual meeting held at the Columbia Exposition. 1893› (Washington 1896). EDWIN WILEY,

Librarian, United States Naval War College. LIBRARIES, Rural. See RURAL LIBRA

RIES.

LIBRARIES, Special. Commercial and Industrial. Industrial and commecial libraries are now found in manufacturing and business corporations of all kinds. Their purpose is to supply managers, heads of departments, foremen, clerks and workers with information and suggestions. They are not parts of the equipment for the welfare work (q.v.), which is carried on in many plants for the comfort, convenience and education of employees, though they are sometimes closely allied to that equip

ment.

These libraries are one of the results of the recent rapid development of certain manufacturing, commercial and financial methods and of extensions and modifications of the use of print in the preservation and distribution of knowledge. They are so recent that they have no history, save as it is suggested in a statement of the factors which brought them into existence.

The movement toward concentration and specialization in production, distribution and allied industries, which began with the invention of the steam engine, has been very rapid in the last few decades. Many industrial leaders have seen the modest businesses they helped to establish grow rapidly into vast organizations, employing thousands of men and handling millions of dollars annually. This has been true in railroading, water transportation, mining, farming, manufacturing of all kinds, finance, insurance, construction and many other industries and occupations. The central offices of these large enterprises have developed many and varied methods, devices and tools to meet their respective needs, and to help to keep under proper control the infinity of details that threaten to consume the time, thought and energy of those creative, inventive and managerial minds whose undisturbed activities are absolutely essential to the continued success of any great enterprise.

The demands from these central offices and from other sources for suggestions and advice in the field of business, and by business is here meant management of persons and things and not the science or technique of making or. transporting things,-led to a rapid increase in the production of books and journals of business, the first journal specifically devoted to business appearing about 30 years ago.

Before industry had entered on its swift modern development, trade and technical journals were relatively few and unimportant. Expanding industries demanded journals which should tell of that expansion and give to managers, department heads and special workers, who were often men of great native ability but of limited education, all obtainable information and suggestions in the fields of technique, science and management. Trade journals grew rapidly in number and in value. Within each industrial field soon appeared journals devoted, some to labor in that trade, some to production, some to distribution and to consumers. Meanwhile, book production on all aspects of industrialism grew rapidly.

This, then, was the situation about 15 years ago: thousands of industrial and commercial organizations were expanding rapidly and daily meeting new conditions and new problems. They demanded of their creators, managers, experts, salesmen, advertisers, heads of departments, foremen, clerks and laborers greater efficiency, fresh ideas, new devices and broader views. To the offices of these organizations came, almost haphazard, a few books and journals, and these were read by a few and treated at haphazard. They were helpful to some but gave slight assistance to most.

Then came industrial and commercial libraries. Great organizations found that they needed, for their proper growth, all the knowledge, wisdom, technique, science and suggestion anywhere to be found; that they needed to know every day all that all inquirers, in the special field of each organization, had learned the previous day; that they needed to know of all experimentation by others that they might avoid costly experiments for themselves; that they needed, in fact, as complete a collection as could be made of the recent, and of some of the older, books, journals and pamphlets on their activities; that they needed not only to have these at hand, but also to have them so arranged, filed and indexed as to bring out all they contained of value to them; and that they needed to have that part of their contents which particularly fitted their work digested, arranged by topics and presented daily, weekly or monthly to all the directors of special activities in their whole army of workers.

A commercial or industrial library, then, is the resultant of two things,- the great modern growth of organizations and the great modern flood of business, technical and scientific literature; and it is, briefly, a carefully controlled collection of such printed material, relating to the work of the organization which it serves, as a librarian, expert in print, and his assistants can gather, index, digest and present to all its personnel.

The development of these libraries is not an isolated phenomenon. In the same three decades in which they have appeared in large numbers, libraries of the older types have increased in number, size and effectiveness, and have extended their fields of work. The demand of the industrialist for the latest word on his industry was one of the immediate causes of the coming of the industrial library; but other and more general causes were, of course, behind this proximate one. Extension and improvement of public schools; education through

newspapers, journals and cheap books, in the use of print and in the habit of learning; growth of the habit of travel, and many other factors, all helped to make over the old type of library and to create new types. About 40 years ago free public libraries ceased to be mere storehouses and began to ask to be used, that is, to advertise. Soon they allied themselves to schools, and vastly widened their fields. High schools awoke to library needs and installed special libraries of their own. College and university libraries began to adopt new and broader methods. State libraries, herein anticipating and in a measure suggesting the industrialists' libraries, began to make themselves useful and indispensable to state officers and legislators.

Industrial and commercial libraries can be well understood, their quite inevitable character and purpose clearly visualized and their short history easily grasped, in the light of the broad movements thus briefly noted.

These libraries have grown in number so rapidly and so quietly in recent years that a census of them would be difficult to make and would be inaccurate the day after its completion. Those who were in charge of a few of the more important ones formed, 10 years ago, a Special Libraries Association, using the word "special" because their work is in most cases confined to a special field, that of the operations of the corporations which respectively employ them. In 1910 this association founded a modest journal, called Special Libraries, whose nine volumes contain most of the published literature on the subject of this article.

Large and small corporations engaged in the following, and many other, industries and businesses, have established libraries of the kind under consideration: Banking, insurance, public utilities, manufacturing in many lines, department stores, wholesale houses, statistical establishments, engineering experts, electrical experts, bureaus of standards and economics, civic and commercial bodies.

The list can be extended. But it is long enough to show that the movement toward gathering special knowledge for the special needs of special groups of workers is as broad as are industry and commerce themselves.

These libraries collect anything printed or in manuscript which is proper to their respective purposes. Some consist almost entirely of typed, written and printed sheets and leaflets, kept in filing cabinets. Some are made up almost solely of pamphlets and of articles clipped from papers, journals, all classified and indexed.

Some are composed chiefly of journals and proceedings, and some contain little save books. Most of them adjust both collections and methods of handling to the fact that to-day the majority of the more valuable contributions to human knowledge,- and knowledge is here used in its widest sense-appear first in journals and publications of societies and are unbound. These, being clipped or pulled apart, form a collection of leaflets and pamphlets, capable of being closely classified and compactly and conveniently stored in filing cabinets, with manuscript and typed notes and data added as the corporation activities and needs suggest. That is, the industrial or commercial library tends more and more to the method, in its

acquisitions, of taking from a vast annual mass of print only so much as is quite specifically related to the activities of the corporation which maintains it.

These libraries are usually located close to the central offices of their respective corporations. They are, in many cases, put in charge of experts in the art of mastering printed material. Under general instructions from a manager, the expert studies the field of print; gathers what is proper for the corporation's needs; puts it in systematic form by classifying and indexing processes; and, each week or each month, makes brief abstract sheets of such articles or books or parts of books as his knowledge of his corporation's activities leads him to think will be useful, and places these sheets in the hands of such executives, experts, foremen and heads of departments as may find them of value.

REFERENCES.

The following list of references is not in any sense intended to be inclusive even of larger industrial and commercial libraries. Only those mentioned several times by authorities are listed. The list merely suggests the application made in these days of the library idea to all branches of industry and business, and will serve as a directory to those seeking information on the subject.

A list of special libraries appears each year in the 'American Library Annual,' $5, R. R. Bowker Company, 241 West 37th street, New York city. Gives brief statement about each library.

New York Special Libraries Association. maintains an employment registry and a permanent exhibit of forms and methods used by members of association at the Municipal Reference Library, Room 512, Municipal Building, New York city.

REFERENCES ON THE THEORY, POLICIES AND

METHODS OF COMMERCIAL LIBRARIES. Business number of Library Journal, April 1917. $4 year, single copy 35 cents. R. R. Bowker Company, 241 West 37th street, New York City. Consult index to Library Journal for individual articles.

Lee, G. W., "Commercial Research» (1909). Stone and Webster, Milk street, Boston. Pamphlet sent on request.

Johnson, E. M., "Training of the Business Librarian" (in Special Libraries, November 1917, p. 141-144).

Buell, D. C., "Sources of Information for Business Men" (in Special Libraries, October 1916, p. 142-144).

Lapp, J. A., "Organized Information in the Uses of Business" (in Special Libraries, April 1915, p. 57-61).

Gifford, W. S., "Suggestions for Making a Business Library Practical" (in Special Libraries, June 1915, p. 100-104).

Johnson, E. M., "Special Library and Some of Its Problems" (in Special Libraries, December 1915, p. 157-161).

Handy, D. N., "The Library as a Business Asset when and how» (in Special Libraries, October 1912, p. 162-165).

Marion, G. E., "The Special Library Field" (in Special Libraries, March 1918, p. 59-64).

Kerr, E., "Building up the Special Library"> (in Special Libraries, April 1918, p. 95–96). Lapp, J. A., "Growth of a Big Idea" (in Special Libraries, September-October 1918, p. 157-159).

BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

Business Librarians" (in Powers, R. L., Bos"Bibliography of Library Economy for ton's Special Libraries, p. 121-127. $1. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York).

"Bibliography of Articles Relating to Industrial Libraries" (in Special Libraries, February 1911, p. 12).

Meyer, H. H. B., "Select List of References on Special Libraries" (in Special Libraries, October 1912, p. 172-176).

"List of Descriptions of Special Libraries Appearing in Special Libraries, 1914 (in Special Libraries, November 1914, p. 133–134).

Meyer, H. H. B., "List of References on Business Libraries, and the Relation of the Business Library to the Business Man" (in Special Libraries, November 1917, p. 147-149).

Special Libraries, published by the Special Libraries Association, monthly, 1910 to date, 70 Fifth avenue, New York City. Subscription, 10 issues, $2.50; single copies, 25 cents. Principal source of information.

Public Affairs Information Service. H. W. Wilson Company, 958 University avenue, New York. Indexes articles and books about industrial and commercial libraries and announces establishment of new libraries, etc.

SOME LEADING FIRMS AND INSTITUTIONS MAINTAINING COMMERCIAL LIBRARIES. Financial-American Bankers Association, New York; National City Bank, New York; Guaranty Trust Company, New York; Fisk and Robinson, New York; Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, New York, etc.

Public Utilities.- American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York; Stone and Webster, Boston; H. M. Byllesby Company, Chicago; Boston Consolidated Gas Company; Boston Elevated Railway Company, etc.

Manufacturing.- Brighton Mills, Passaic, N. J.; B. F. Goodrich Company, Akron, Ohio; Studebaker Corporation, South Bend, Ind.; General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y.; National Cloak and Suit Company, New York; Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio; National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio; Winchester Repeating Arms Company, New Haven, Conn.; Robert H. Ingersoll and Brothers, Brooklyn, N. Y., etc.

Dry Goods Stores.- Marshall Field and Company, Chicago; William Filene's Sons Company, Boston, etc.

Commercial Organizations.- Philadelphia Commercial Museum; Merchants Association, New York; National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, New York; Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, D. C., etc. Government Departments.- Bureau Standards; Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce; Bureau of Railway Economics; Library of Congress; United States Forest Service; Federal Trade Commission, etc.

of

Special Departments in Public Libraries. Technology department, Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh; business branches of public libra

ries in Newark, N. J., Saint Paul, Minn., Indianapolis, Rochester, etc.

Miscellaneous.- Sears-Roebuck Company, Chicago (mail order); Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia (advertising); McGraw Publishing Company, New York; Retail Credit Company, Atlanta; Youth's Companion, Boston (editorial); Price, Waterhouse and Company, New York (accountants); Arthur D. Little, Inc., Boston (chemists); Detroit News (newspaper); Harvard College, School of Business Administration; A. W. Shaw Company, Chi

cago, etc.

Consult also following journals: Library Journal, 241 West 37th street, New York, monthly, $4 a year. Public Libraries, 6 North Michigan avenue, Chicago, monthly except August and September, $2 a year. Library World, 8 Coptic street, Bloomsbury, W., London, England, 6d. Library, 32 George street, Hanover Square West, London, England, 3s. Library Assistant, Shepherds Hill Library, Highgate, North, London, England, 4s. Library Association Record, Caxton Hall, Westminster, London, England, 2s. Special Libraries, 70 Fifth avenue, New York, monthly except July and August, $2 a year.

JOHN COTTON DANA,

Librarian, Public Library, Newark, N. J. LIBRARIES, Traveling. See TRAVELING

LIBRARIES.

LIBRARY

In

ADMINISTRATION. recent years the conception of a library's field and functions has grown so rapidly that library administration has become a recognized science with problems vastly broader and deeper and demanding well-equipped professional schools giving systematic instruction to those in whose charge the leading libraries will be placed.

Certain library schools now require for entrace a college degree; in others the course is a regular part of the work of a college. Many colleges and normal schools conduct courses in bibliography and elementary library administration to enable students to use library facilities to the best advantage or to take charge of school libraries in connection with teaching positions. There are also numerous summer courses for those already engaged in library work and classes in individual libraries to train their own assistants. There is a growing movement, vigorously supported by the library profession, for certifying librarians, as we do teachers; and several States have already passed laws requiring tests or a certain degree of training or experience for some classes of library positions. This has greatly improved the librarian's status. In salaries, hours of service and vacations he has his place beside other educational officers, as the public recognizes that in general education, professional training, executive capacity and all factors which determine salary, the successful librarian should rank with the highest educational officer of the same community. In a college the proper salary of the college librarian is that of a full professor. In a university he should rank with deans of departments and in public libraries with superintendents of schools or high school principals. Usual daily hours are now seven and usual vacation one month.

Functions.-The chief function of the old

library was to get all the books it could and preserve them safely. The modern library does this also, but has placed free public use infinitely above getting and keeping. First the word library meant any collection of books. It is now losing that sense and means the community intellectual headquarters for not only books and pamphlets, but also periodicals, newspapers, maps, pictures, music scores, player rolls, phonograph records and other material for information on subjects of current interest, as well as coins, medals and collections illustrating science, history or art. It is no longer a reservoir whose chief function is to take in and accumulate, but a fountain. Its work is no longer passive, but aggressive. The modern librarian is as anxious to put his wares before the public and have his books and other material used as is the store or factory to secure custom for its goods. He tries to attract the attention and rouse the interest of every resident or transient, child or adult, by bulletins, by book lists and notices in newspapers and in shop and office pay-envelopes, by exhibits, by floats in parades, by posters in hotels and other public places, by talks and by any other creditable means of "library advertising."

We have learned that reading is the greatest engine human genius has evolved. It grows constantly in importance. While most reading is better than most conversation, it is as powerful for evil as for good, so that the greatest problem for educators and statesmen is to develop in youth a taste for the best reading and to supply it free through life. Hence, development of a children's department in public libraries and fostering of school libraries.

Reading has three great functions: (1) To inform, so that one may stand on the shoulders of all his predecessors and utilize their labors and experience in any subject. This cumulative wisdom of the race passed on in books makes possible the marvels of civilization. Books give this information which builds material prosperity. Increasing interest in vocational books and development of business and other special libraries powerfully stimulate this function. (2) A still more vital function, but less tangible, is the inspiration which lifts up and builds character, the work of the books of power, the books of all time. (3) The last great function is to afford rest and recreation for the tired and overworked to fit them better to carry life's burdens. The free public library is the only practicable method for shaping this reading, which in its threefold form of information, inspiration and recreation is the greatest influence in modern life.

Children's Department.— This aims to interest children in books, to develop taste for good reading, to establish the "library habit," to co-operate with schools, and, incidentally, to teach how to use reference books, indexes, catalogs and other bibliographic tools. It ranges from a few separate shelves or an alcove in the general reading-room to one or more separate rooms in charge of a specially qualified children's librarian. Users may include children of all ages up to those beginning to appreciate adult literature. Besides an attractive collection of carefully selected books, there should be tables, chairs and other furnishings adapted to users of various sizes. Specially effective is the story hour, conducted by the children's librarian or

some other childlover skilful in rousing interest in reading among those not naturally so inclined and in selecting from the great classics what appeals to children and also in interesting them in the daily events of world importance.

Work with Foreigners.-The public library should be a strong Americanizing factor where there is a considerable foreign population, often largely of those who can read only their own languages. Among many means are: (1) Books in their own languages and in simple English to which access is made easy by: (2) branches and deliveries in immigrant districts; (3) lectures and story telling; (4) classes in English and elementary civics.

It is in leading foreigners to read books in English that librarians meet their greatest obstacle. Spoken English is easily learned, but in print appears a new language, with words not spelled but made up of arbitrary combinations of letters incapable of being explained or reduced to rule, and condemned by English lexicographers and philologists as unetymologic, unphonetic and altogether indefensible. Simplifying English spelling is vital to the librarian's highest success, for his treasures are useless to foreigners till they take the meaning readily from the printed page.

SPELLING REFORM.

School Libraries. These are in school buildings to provide, close at hand, reference and other books supplementing school textbooks and aiming to stimulate interest in curriculum or, like children's departments, to develop taste for good reading. These are sometimes a public library branch or deposit station, sometimes managed jointly by the school and the public library and sometimes owned and managed by the school. For lower schools the branch system works best, while high schools tend to have their own libraries, with trained librarian specially qualified to influence students' reading habits and to teach them how to use the library. Among States leading in development of school libraries are New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California and Oregon.

Administration.- Books and other suitable material are no more a library than a pile of bricks is a building, or a mob of men is an army. To be effective there must be such arrangement and organization that its great functions can be performed promptly and efficiently without undue cost. Experience proves that to make books into a successful library the chief factors are in order of importance: (1) Librarian; (2) methods; (3) building. Because it is most prominent and readily understood by the inexperienced, the least important is usually thought of first.

Library Buildings.- To compete successfully with places of amusement the library should be as accessible as possible, but preferably a few steps off the main street for greater quiet. Books increase in a ratio beyond the plans of architects and librarians, and few libraries provide adequately for growth, either for books, readers or administration. natural light and ample room for growth are essential. Steel, glass, brick, stone, concrete and tile are the best materials for large libraries, but fireproof construction is important only for central libraries which preserve

Good

rare books not readily obtainable in open market. The most needed best books should be housed within easy walking distance of every citizen. This requires in larger towns branches or deliveries at convenient points. The most used books should be freely accessible in reading-rooms, but economy and convenience both demand that the main supply should be kept in stacks. In a standard storage stack the cases are double-faced and only 75 centimeters apart; but in small libraries cases may be 120 centimeters (4 feet), apart, to invite public access. Each case is 8 or 7 shelves high and 5 tiers long, thus giving 80 or 70 shelves on its two faces. Each foot, shelves about 7 books, so each foot of wall, 7 shelves high, holds about 50 books. Each foot of double-faced case holds 100. Each shelf is better 75 centimeters long, rather than 36 inches; 20 centimeters (8 inches) deep, and 25.5 centimeters (10 inches) high, thus taking all books up to the largest standard (8vo.) which by library rules is limited to 25 centimeters. These cases make a one-story stack, with every book within reach without ladders. Steel is better than wood for tall stacks (sometimes 10 stories) and grows steadily in favor because it is strong, compact, clean, fireproof and more open for light. An atmospheric steam heat is best as it can be regulated as closely as hot water and does not annoy readers by cracking or hammering. Electric light should be provided on all reading-tables. Indirect lighting has removed the most serious objections to high lights, but for greatest comfort a reader should have a light under his control and near his book. When the stack section can have abundant daylight, it should be of glass with only steel or masonry enough for support, with glass always opposite aisles; but if it has only electric light, it should be well and draftlessly ventilated both for welfare of books and of persons working in it.

Spiral stairs are costly, wasteful and inconvenient. Straight stairs under which space can be used for shelves take less space. Doors to bookcases are worse than useless and have been abandoned except for rare, costly or restricted books. Tables and desks should be 78 centimeters high, not 75 centimeters as usual; for short people can use higher chairs, but tall people cannot shorten their legs. Skilful arrangement of rooms will greatly reduce cost of administration. Permanent partitions should be used only where necessary for support. Temporary partitions, usually glass, can be readily moved as growth requires. These allow better light and supervision from another room, while shutting off noise, and give a more spacious look. In small libraries, departments for adults, for children and for selection and delivery of books may be included in a single open room, separation being marked by bookcases not more than four feet high, the whole under direct central desk supervision. Consult Carnegie Corporation Notes' for valuable suggestions.

Most important after the central rooms are first a quiet study-room, then a children's room. Even small libraries need one or more class, or lecture rooms for clubs, classes and meetings which find their natural home at the library. Larger libraries require a growing number of special rooms for newspapers, art, patents and various other needs of the staff and public.