"bearers of the richest blessings of a liberating rather than a conquering nation." Also, President McKinley in his speech delivered before the Home Market Association of Boston, Mass., on February 16, 1899, said that "no imperial designs lurk in the American mind. They are alien to American sentiment, thought, and purpose. Our priceless principles," the President continued, "undergo no change under a tropical sun. They go with the flag. They are wrought in every one of its sacred folds, and are inextinguishable in its shining stars." The Filipino people accepted the words of President McKinley at their full value and pinned on them all the hopes for their future. Likewise, the Filipino people received the members of the first civil commission sent by the United States in the spirit expressed by President McKinley. Unless the Congress of the United States is now willing to depart from these high principles laid down by President McKinley upon which the relations between the United States and the Philippines must rest, the rule applied for by the Committee on Immigration of the House should by all means be denied. Now as the assignment to duty in the Philippine Islands of any Foreign Service Officer under a commission as a consular officer: Will the consul to be assigned to duty in the Philippines enjoy those diplomatic privileges enjoyed by consuls elsewhere? Would the Government of the Philippines have the right as a foreign government to grant or refuse to grant exequator to this consul? These are very important questions that should be determined in order that we may know whether the joint resolution under consideration will embark the United States on a despotic and tyrannical policy. It is elemental in international law that a government enjoys the right to grant or refuse to grant exequator to a consul, minister, or ambassador of a foreign government. If this right to grant or refuse exequator is denied the Philippine Government after the Philippine Islands has been declared a separate and foreign country, then I say without reservation that this joint resolution, if passed, will proclaim a despotic and tyrannical policy on the part of the United States. This would be unique in international relations among foreign nations and governments. Also, I fail to see how the government of the United States could evercise jurisdiction or legislate for the Philippine Islands once it is declared separate and foreign. History will record an event which has never occurred in any civilized nation. I refuse to believe that the Congress of the United States will ever pass legislation which will reestablish the old Roman consular institutions. This is not an age of consuls and pro-consuls. They are things of the past, and I am sure that the American people will never consent that anyone under their flag should utter the sad exclamation of the Carthaginians: "Væ Victis." Mr. Chairman, I wonder what the American people will think of the proposition of sending a consul to the Philippines while those islands are under the sovereignty of the United States? What would the just and fair-minded people of the United States think of the proposition of making the Philippines a foreign country, and at the same time subjecting it to the authority of the United States? Once the Philippines is made a separate and foreign country, can it declare war against the United States for the purpose of immi gration? Can the Philippines join the enemies of the United States in a war the cause of which is immigration? In these cases, would the Filipino people be subjected to the laws of the United States! I fail to see how Congress could pass a law which will be inconsistent with its own policy and with all well-known principles of justice and fair play. I wish now to call attention to one of the aspects of the joint resolution now under consideration. The provision of this resolution which continues to permit Filipinos to enter the Territory of Hawaii but prohibits further emigration to the United States, calls for an extensive discussion. I am unable to find any justification for Filipinos freely entering the Territory of Hawaii and barring them at the same time from further emigration to continental United States. Hawaii is an integral part of the United States, and it is within the term "United States." To permit the Filipinos to go freely to the Territory of Hawaii and deny their free entry into the mainland of the United States is equivalent to permitting them to go freely to the State of Pennsylvania and barring them from coming into the State of New York. This would be a political as well as judicial heresy. I am unwilling to express in my own words my judgment on this kind of legislation. Suffice it to say, Elihu Root, speaking on the floor of the Senate on June 15, 1909, said: You have the power. By the fortune of war the supreme, the irresistible power of this great Nation has been set over the weak and distracted people of the Philippines. But the possession of power carries with it an obligation that rises above all considerations of trade, all considerations of particular and of selfish interests-an obligation that we must recognize. If we do not, dishonor is the name of America. Terrible and arbitrary power that we exercise over these poor people, and they are helpless. They must accept our words. For the sake of brevity, I shall not discuss now the social and economic aspect of the entry of Filipinos into continental United States. However, I wish to ask permission of the committee to print in the record of this hearing the information I gave before the Committee on Immigration of the Senate on December 16, 1930, while said committee had under its consideration the bill introduced by Senator Reed containing almost the same provision embodied in the present joint resolution. The following tables and statistical data are submitted for the information of the committee: TABLE I.-Filipino emigration to Hawaii NOTE. According to the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association there were 108,693 Filipinos brought to Hawaiia between 1909 and 1929, indicating that some 11,000 were brought in 1929. TABLE II.-Emigration of Filipinos to the United States from Hawaii NOTE. The Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association issued statistics showing that approximately 14,000 Filipinos have migrated from Hawaii to the mainland of the United States since 1900 to 1929. TABLE III.-Filipino passengers to and from the United States for years 1919 Estimated. Based on difference of figures of Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association of 108,693 and Bureau of Labor 97,418. 2 Based on estimated average number of Filipinos returning to Philippine Islands in 1927 and 1928. (a) and (d) from reports of Insular Collector of Customs. (b) and (e) from reports of Philippine Bureau of Labor. (9) Obtained by subtracting () from (c). NUMBER OF FILIPINOS IN THE UNITED STATES Number of Filipinos who migrated to the mainland of the United States from Hawaii between 1900 and 1929, according to the figures of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association___ Estimated Filipino population in the United States prior to 1919. There are between 50,000 and 56,000 Filipinos in the United States to-day. This calculation is based on the following estimate: 10, 000 31, 326 14,000 55, 326 Total Filipinos in the United States in 1929_. For the past three years the average number of Filipinos coming to the United States direct from Manila is 7,700 while the average returning to Manila is 1,300, leaving the average number of Filipinos remaining in the Unites States approximately 6,400. There is an average of 2,400 Filipinos coming to the Unite! States from Hawaii, so that for the past three years the average number of Filipinos remaining in the United States is 6,800 or 7,000. The foregoing estimate on the number of Filipinos in the United States corroborates the estimate of the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, who in his 39719-31-5 annual report for June 30, 1929, placed the number of Filipinos in the United States at 50,000. Adding to this the number who came and remained in the latter half of 1929, the total would be about 54,000. ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF STEAMSHIP FARES FILIPINOS HAVE PAID SINCE AMERICAN. OCCUPATION The present steerage fares between United States and the Philippines,. according to data furnished by the Dollar Steamship Co. are as follows: From Manila to Honolulu___. $75.00 45.00 92.50 Basing on the above figures a rough estimate of the amount of fares Filipinoshave paid to steamship companies may be placed at $18,000,000, the particulars of which follows: A. From 1909 to 1919, there were passengers from Manila to B. From Hawaii to Pacific coast, 1909-1929, 14,000 at $45_-_ Total fares paid by Filipinos from 1900 to 1929--- $11, 400, 000630, 000 6, 660, 000 17, 640, 000 The average yearly fares paid by Filipinos during the past three years is around $2,000,000, arrived at as follows: Manila-Honolulu, 10,000; Honolulu-Manila, 4,000; total, 14,000 at $75--- Honolulu-Pacific coast, 2,000, at $45 Manila-United States, 8,000; United States-Manila, 2,000; total, 10,000, at $92.50_. Average annual fares paid by Filipinos_-- $1,050, 000 90,000 925, 000 2,065, 000 NOTE. In the above calculation no consideration is made of the fact that a few Filipinos paid first-class fares. If this is considered the total would reach $20,000,000. In addition, I wish to say that the Filipino people are in no wise responsible for the present situation which is alarming the good States of California and Washington. Former Governor General Forbes, in his book, The Philippine Islands, describes as follows the initiation of the movement of Philippine labor to Hawaii. This was the first step toward the introduction in considerable number of Filipino laborers into the United States. After describing the efforts made by American Hawaiian planters to secure labor from various sources, Governor Forbes says: * * * Finally, in March, 1906, Mr. Albert F. Judd, later senator in Hawaii, was sent by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association to the Philippine Islands to see if he could secure some Filipinos. He entered into an agreement with the Philippine Government. This movement was sharply criticized by the Filipinos, and a variety of devices was employed to defeat the efforts of Mr. Judd and his successor, Mr. Pinkham. In spite of all Filipino opposition many hundreds of families moved to Hawaii. Those who return gave such glowing accounts of the conditions under which they labored there that many more were sent, until by January, 1926, there were 26,283 Filipinos among a total of 49,155 laborers employed on plantations in the Hawaiian Islands, the Filipinos being 70 per cent of the field force. Some Filipino politicians and the employers of labor went so far as to excoriate the Government for permitting these laborers to go forth and earn their living where they desired, and the Government was asked to prevent forcibly, or at least to restrict, the movement. These critics failed to appreciate the fact that any such opposition on the part of the Goverment would be an unwarranted infringement of the independence of the individual Filipino to go where he pleased and earn what he could. Governor Forbes in footnotes refers to contemporary documents in verification of the accuracy of every statement made. He refers to La Vanguardia of February 15, 1910, and El Ideal of September 17, 1910, leading Philippine newspapers to show the bitter opposition to the expatriation of Filipino labor. It is obvious that if this matter had been left to Filipinos there would have either been an absolute prohibition of this migration of Filipinos or the conditions of the movement would have been made so restrictive that but few Filipinos would have taken advantage of it and these would be of a class that could readily find their way back to the islands and not become a public charge in the United States or unfair competitors to American laborers. It can not be made too clear that this movement was American in its origin, was fostered by Americans in opposition to Filipino public sentiment. It is only fair to state that those who favored the movement attributed the opposition to politicians and “caciques and did not credit the opposition to the Filipino people generally. Governor Forbes's statements, if corroboration were necessary, could be fully proven, but no such corroboration is necessary. Now that Filipino laborers are in the United States in considerable numbers and that they have come to the United States as a consequence of acts of officials of the United States Government and of American citizens and in opposition to a very vocal and powerful element in the Philippines, an element that would be controlling but for the position of the islands with reference to the United States Government, the question has arisen as to how to handle this subject with due regard to the interests both of Filipinos and of Americans. The proposal usually made is to exclude Filipinos from admission into the United States for a period of years or permanently while the Philippine Islands are still subject to the control of the United States. Just as the movement of Filipinos originally to the United States was fostered by Americans without regard to Filipino opinion it is now proposed to exclude them by American authority without regard to Filipino opinion. Is this the way to accomplish the purpose desired? At this time more Filipinos are leaving the United States than are coming to the United States. This will continue so long as the present labor conditions in the United States exist. The Filipinos are well advised of these conditions. The Philippine government, press, and leaders are keeping them well informed. So what it is proposed to stop does not as a matter of fact exist in a serious way. Contrary to the assertion made before this committee the other day by Representative Free, of California, that the coming of Filipinos in the United States is rapidly increasing, permit me to call the attention of this committee to the following statement made before the |