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his time began the tenth persecution under Dioclesian, which raged with great severity against the christians. 21. Vitalis, six. 22. Paulinus, or as Nicephorus calls him, Paulus: who after five years, was deposed and driven out by the Arian faction, which then prevailed. 23. Eustathius, formerly bishop of Beroea, was a learned man, and of great note and eminency in the council of Nice, which was the first general council summoned by Constantine the Great, after he had restored peace and prosperity to the church in general.

THE CHURCH AT ROME, IN ITALY. MANY of the fathers having with good reason, equally attributed the foundation of this celebrated church to Peter and Paul, the one as the apostle of the circumcision preached to the Jews, while the other, probably as the apostle of the uncircumcision preached to the Gentiles. The following is the order in which its bishops succeeded.

3.

1. St. Peter and St. Paul, who both suffered martyrdom under Nero, the Roman emperor. 2. Linus, the son of Herculanus, a Tuscan; he is mentioned by Paul: he sat between eleven and twelve years. Cleus, or Anacletus, or Anancletus a Roman, the son of Emilianus: he sat nine, though others say but two years. 4. Clemens, a Roman, born in Mount Cælius, was the son of Faustinus, near akin, say some, to the emperor: he was condemned to dig in the marble quarries near the Euxine sea, and, by the command of Trajan, with an anchor about his neck, thrown into the sea. He was bishop of Rome nine years and four months. 3. Euaristus, by birth a Greek, but his father was a jew of Bethlehen: he is said to have been crowned with martyrdom the last year of Trajan, in the ninth of his bishopric, or the thirteenth according to others. 6. Alexander, a Roman, though young in

years, was grave in his manners and conversation: he sat ten years and seven months, and died a martyr. 7. Xystus, or Sixtus, a Roman: he was martyred in the tenth year of his bishopric, and buried in the Vatican at Rome. 8. Telesphorus, a Greek, succeeded. Justin the martyr flourished in his time. He died a martyr, having sat eleven years and three months; ten years and eight months, according to others; he lies buried near St. Peter, in the Vatican. 9. Hyginus, the son of an Athenian philosopher, was advanced to the chair under Antoninus Pius: he sat four years: Eusebius says eight. 10. Pius, an Italian, was born at Aquileia: he died, having been bishop eleven years and four months; according to Eusebius, fifteen years. 11. Anicetus, born in Syria: he is said, after nine, or, according to others, eleven years, to have suffered martyrdom, and was buried in the Via Appia, in the cemetry of Callistus. In his time Polycarp came to Rome. 12. Sotar, or, as Nicephorus calls him, Soterichus, was a Campanian, the son of Concordius. There was an intercourse of letters between him and Dionysius bishop of Corinth. He died after he had sat nine, or, as Eusebius reckons, seven years. 13. Eleutherius, born at Nicopolis in Greece. To him Lucius king of Britain, sent a letter and an embassy. He sat fifteen years, died A. D. one hundred and eighty-six, and lies buried in the Vatican at Rome. 14. Victor, an African, the son of Felix, was a man of a furious and intemperate spirit. He was bishop ten years. 15. Zephyrinus, a Roman, succeeded, and possessed the chair eight, or, as others say, eighteen years; twenty, says Onuphrius: he was a pious and learned man, but a little warped towards the errors of Montanus. 16. Callistus, or Calixtus, the son of Domitius, a Roman; a prudent and a modest man: he suffered much in the persecution under Alexander Severus, under whom he became a martyr, being thrown into a well by the procurement of Ulpian the great lawyer, but a severe enemy to Christians. He sat six years, or, as others maintain, five and one month; and though he

made a cemetry, or burial place, called after his own name, yet was he buried in that of Calepodius, in the Appian Way. 17. Urbanus, the son of Pontianus, a Roman; after four, or as some, six years, he suffered martyrdom for the faith; Eusebius has five, St. Jerom, in his translation, nine. He was buried in Prætextatus's cemetry, in the Appian Way. 18. Pontianus, the son of Calphurnius, a Roman: for his boldly reproving the Roman idolatry, he was banished into the island of Sardinia, where he died; he was bishop about three or four, or, as Eusebius says, five years. 19. Anteros, a Greek, the son of Romulus: he died, according to some, when he had kept his place only one month, (though others, without reason, make him to have lived in it many years) and was buried in the cemetry of Callistus. 20. Fabianus, a Roman, he was unexpectedly chosen bishop, while, several others being in competition, a pigeon suddenly descended, and sat upon his head, the great emblem of the Holy Spirit. He died a martyr, after fourteen years; and was buried in the same place with his predecessor. 21. Cornelius, a Roman, who opposed and condemned Novocation frequent letters passed between him and Cyprian. After somewhat more than two years, he was first cruelly whipped, then beheaded, and afterwards buried in a vault within the grange of Lucina, near the Appian Way. 22. Lucius, a Roman, sat two, or as others say, three years: he suffered martyrdom by the command of Valerian, and was buried in Callistus's cemetery. 23. Stephanus, a Roman, the son of Julius: great contests were between him and Cyprian, about re-baptizing those who had been baptized by heretics, He was beheaded after he had sat about two or three years, though others say seven, and was buried by his predecessor. 24. Xystus, a Greek, formerly a philosopher of Athens. After one, or, as others compute, two years and ten months, he suffered martyrdom: Eusebius reckons it eight years. 25. Dionysius, of a monk made bishop: in the judgment of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, was a truly learned and admirable person. The time of his presidency

is uncertainly assigned, six, nine, ten, eleven: Eusebius extends it to twelve years. 26. Felix, a Roman ; in his time arose the Manichæan heresy. He suffered about the fourth or fifth year of his episcopacy, and lies buried in the Aurelian Way, in a cemetery of his own, two miles from Rome. 27. Eutychianus, a Tuscan, a man exceedingly careful of the burial of martyrs; after one year's space, was himself crowned with martyrdom: Eusebius allows him but eight months: Ónuphrius eight years and six months. 28. Caius, or as Eusebius calls him, Gaianus a Dalmatian, kinsman to the emperor Dioclesian, and in the persecution under him, became a martyr. He sat eleven years; some say longer: Eusebius fifteen years. He was beheaded, and buried in Callistus's cemetery. 29. Marcellinus, a Roman: through fear of torment he sacrificed to the gods; but recovering himself died a martyr, after he had sat eight or nine years. He was beheaded and buried in the cemetery of Priscilla, in the Salarian Way. To him succeeded, 30. Marcellus, a Roman: he was condemned by Maxentius the tyrant, to keep beasts in a stable, which he performed, yet without omitting his prayers and exercises of devotion. He died after five years and six months, and was buried in the cemetery of Priscilla. 31. Eusebius, a Greek, was the son of a physician: he suffered much under the tyranny of Maxentius. He sat six years, say some, though Eusebius allows him but seven months: Onuphrius one year and seven months. He was buried in the Appian Way, near Callistus's cemetery. 32. Miltiades, an African: he might probably be a confessor under Maxentius, but could not be a martyr under Maximinus, as some report him. He sat three or four, though others assign him but two years; and was buried in the cemetery of Callistus. 33. Silvester, a Roman: he was elected unto the place, A. D. three hundred and fourteen, fetched from the mountain Soract, whither he had fled for fear of persecution. He was highly in favour with Constantine the Great. He sat twenty-three, NicephoIs says twenty-eight years.

THE CHURCH AT JERUSALEM, IN JUDEA.

IT may with some degree of truth be affirmed, that

the church of Jerusalem was founded by our Lord himself, as it was for some time cultivated and improved by the ministry of the whole college of apostles. The bishops of it succeeded in the following order:

1. St. James the Less, the brother of our Lord, by him, say some, immediately constituted bishop; but as others, more probably alledge, by the apostles: he was thrown off the temple, and his brains beat out with a fuller's club. 2. Simeon, the son of Cleopas, brother of Joseph, our Lord's reputed father; he sat in this chair twenty-three years, and suffered martyrdom in the reign of Trajan, in the one hundred and twentieth year year of his age. 3 Justus succeeded in his room, and sat six years. 4. Zecheus, or, as Nicephorus the patriarch calls him, Zacharias, four. 5. Tobias: to him, after four years succeeded. 6. Benjamin, who sat two years. 7 John, who continued the same space. 8. Matthias, or Matthæus, two years. 9. Philipus, one year next came. 10. Senaca, who sat four years. 11. Justus, four. 12. Levi or Lebes, two. 13. Ephrem, or, Ephres, or as Epiphanius styles him, Vaphres, two. 14. Joseph, two. 15. Judas, two. We may observe, that most of these bishops governed the church but a short time, following one another with a very quick succession: which, doubtless, was in a great measure owing to the turbulent and unquiet humour of the Jewish nation, frequently rebelling against the Roman powers, whereby they provoked them to fall heavy upon them, and cut off all that came in their way, making no distinction between Jews and Christians; as indeed they were all Jews, though differing in the rites of their religion: for hitherto the bishops of Jerusalem had successively VOL. ii.

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