of equal opportunity and justice for all." Later in the fall the then secretary to President Coolidge wrote, "The President has repeatedly declared that he is not a member of the Order of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and is not in sympathy with its aims and purposes." The Democratic candidate, Honorable John W. Davis, declared in an address late in August, 1924, "nothing would so utterly destroy our happiness and security at home and our dignity and influence abroad as the separation of the citizenship of this country in discordant groups along racial or religious lines... If any organization, no matter what it chooses to be called, whether Ku Klux Klan or by any other name, raises the standard of racial and religious prejudice or attempts to make racial origins or religious beliefs the tests of fitness for public office, it does violence to the spirit of American institutions and must be condemned." The late Senator Robert M. La Follette, who was then a presidential candidate declared: "I have always stood without reservation against any discrimination between races, classes and creeds... I am unalterably opposed to the evident purposes of the secret organization known as the Ku Klux Klan." Finally we may mention the mixed committee of non-Jews and Jews formed to promote good-will between Christians and Jews. The Committee came into being during the year through the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America.

In Hungary, Cardinal Csernoch, on the occasion of the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of his ministry, declared: "There must be a stop to all excesses. We must set out on a new period of constructive work, where there shall be no persecutions of races or of religious communities.

There must be complete equality for all sections of the population irrespective of their faith... It is untrue to say that the Catholic Church is behind the anti-Semitic campaign which, to my great regret, has been going on in Hungary of late... Those who conduct or permit anti-Semitic incitement are not only bad people, but they are bad Christians. As the head of the Catholic Church in this country and speaking with all the solemnity of my position, I think that these people are not only not Christians but they are not even human beings-they are unworthy scoundrels."

Noteworthy were the activities of the Roumanian Minister to the United States, Prince Bibesco, in the matter of creating good-will. During the past year, the Prince repeatedly denounced the anti-Semitic movement in his country and gave assurance of his government's intentions to suppress in Roumania the manifestations of anti-Semitism. Early in 1925, for instance, he declared: "The [Roumanian] government will not tolerate any agitation of one class against another, and the government considers that the Jews are just as much entitled to the opportunities of the country as are the Roumanians."

In the German-speaking countries, women's associations violently denounced the anti-Semitic movement. The German National Section of the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom issued a statement in the fall of 1924 in which it condemned anti-Semitic agitation, warned mothers and educators to guard their children against the "corruptive influence of anti-Semitic agitators," and demanded that school authorities put a stop to the immoral and criminal movement which had found access to

the schools. The resolution concluded, "He who truly loves his country must take up the struggle against this sin of the civilization of the twentieth century." Previously, the Swiss Section of the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom, at the general assembly, adopted resolutions deploring the spread of anti-Semitism in the country and warned people against the propaganda against the "Jewish race, which of late has constituted one of the most industrious elements in the country."

ANTI-JEWISH FEELING.-In some countries, judging by the outcome of popular elections, it would seem that antiSemitic feeling has declined during the year. In Lithuania, the anti-Semitic Government party was defeated in the municipal elections in the fall of 1924. In Germany, the results of the recent elections to the Reichstag have been interpreted in some quarters as a sign of the waning of antiJewish feelings. In Hungary also, it was stated in the National Assembly early in 1925 that the whole country was opposed to the oppression of "a race which has rendered great service in the life of the Hungarian nation."

In Soviet Russia, where the government continued its rigorous opposition to anti-Semitism, there was discovered ill-feeling among the peasants towards the new Jewish farmers. It was declared that one regional agricultural commission had decided to send out travelling agents with a view to disseminating correct information concerning the Jewish back-to-the-land movement and with a view to fighting anti-Semitism in the country districts.

ANTI-JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS.-In Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Germany (especially in Bavaria) and in other countries, the various anti-Semitic organizations continued

their unholy work. In Hungary, the past year witnessed the organization of a new party, The Hungarian Independent National Party, which openly prófesses anti-Semitism and irredentism. Its leader is Deputy Eckhardt, son-inlaw of Admiral Horthy.

As in the previous years, facts were revealed during the year under review, showing the enormity of the lies spread by the anti-Semites. In Germany, Herr Wulle, who is the leader of the Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartie, a notorious anti-Semitic party, in a political address attacking Herr Severing, Minister of the Interior for Prussia, declared that the Minister "in one year permitted the naturalization of 90,000 Jews from Eastern European countries." The official Prussian Press Service thereupon issued figures showing that during 1921-1923 only 26,695 aliens of all faiths had been naturalized, of whom only 1,704 were from Eastern Europe, including both Jews and non-Jews. In Roumania, Premier I.C.C. Bratiano, at a party meeting, made the following instructive statement: "The antiSemitic movement is not limited to the students' question. Anti-Semitic agitators make use for their campaign of every misfortune that befalls the population. Wherever discontent exists, the anti-Semitic agent appears upon the scene in order to place the blame upon the Jews." In Austria, the National Socialist Party at its convention at Salzburg, in the summer of 1924, declared that the party looks upon itself as a fighting group directed against Jews. The resolutions adopted included the demands that the Jews be deprived of the franchise and that Jewish children be forced to attend separate schools.

During the past year, as in the previous years, attempts

were made by anti-Semitic organizations to create an international organization, described as a united anti-Semitic front. On May 1, 1924, Herr Arthur Jerzabek, President of an Austrian anti-Semitic association, resigned because of the fact that "all attempts to create an anti-Semitic international had resulted in failure." Late in the summer the Austrian National Socialist Party at its convention at Salzburg instructed its Executive Committee to take steps to convene a world Parliament of anti-Semites in Vienna in 1926. Early in 1925 it was reported that the central council of the Fascisti organization in Italy decided to establish relations with similar organizations in other countries, including the notorious Union of Awakening Magyars in Hungary and the society Action Française in France.

GOVERNMENT AND OFFICIAL ANTI-SEMITISM.-Like the previous years, the year under review cannot be said to be distinguished for the part played by governments and high officials in anti-Semitic agitation; the contrary is true on the whole. However, a few unpleasant incidents did occur. In the summer of 1924, Senator Jackoski, speaking in the Polish Senate, stated: "Let us be happy that the embittered people treats so mildly the enemies of Poland. The Jews ought to pray to God that only such small incidents occurred. All of Poland's troubles are due to the Jews; the Polish people had a knife at its throat when it was forced to accept the minorities treaty. We shall never forget it." The Senator concluded his address with the statement that the Jews had better "sit still" and not complain to the liberal public opinion of the world; otherwise, their situation might become really critical. The press described the Senator's address as a provocation to excesses. When