successful, and early in the summer of 1924, the Independent Order B'nai B'rith appropriated $25,000 for the continuation of the Foundation at the University of Illinois and for the establishment of a similar institution at the University of Wisconsin. A rabbi is at the head of the Foundation at each university and at the former there is in addition also a Jewish professor who offers courses in Jewish history, literature and philosophy.

An interesting event was the proposal for the establishment of an international Jewish university to be known as the Academica Judaica in the Free City of Danzig, under the auspices of the League of Nations. It appears that Lieut.-Col. M. S. Macdonnel, the High Commissioner for the League, brought this matter to the attention of the Senate. The latter body, however, rejected the proposal on the ground that such a university would benefit only one religious community and would harm the university now in existence. Late in July, M. Inazo Nitobe, director of the Section of the International Bureau of the League of Nations, declared that the Commitee on Intellectual Relations did not see its way to support the scheme for the founding of a Jewish university in the Free City of Danzig, and the matter was dropped.

During the year a number of new schools for the training of teachers in Jewish subjects opened in the United States and in other countries. In the United States the Jewish Education Committee of Chicago opened a College of Jewish Studies, and in Cincinnati the three temples of the city jointly opened a Jewish normal school. In Soviet Russia, a Jewish teachers' institute was opened at Odessa, and at

Moscow the university opened a department for the training of teachers for Yiddish schools.

HEBREW AND YIDDISH.-The only event of significance touching the struggle for supremacy of Yiddish versus Hebrew, took place in Soviet Russia. The communists, who are partisans for Yiddish and vehemently opposed to the use of Hebrew, finally won a victory over their opponents by persuading the Commissariat of Education to discontinue its subsidy to the Jewish Theatrical Studio Habimah. The latter was taken from the list of academic state theatres.

LITERATURE. During 1924 fewer books were published in the Yiddish language than in 1923. In fact, reports stated that the number of books published during 1924 amounted to only 60% of the number published in 1923. The number of volumes was also smaller. The decrease was due to the economic crisis in Poland, to the falling off of the demand for Yiddish books in the United States, and to the overproduction during the years 19201923. It is said that 70% of all the books in the Yiddish language were printed in Poland; 12.6% in Germany, 7% in the United States of America and 6.6% in Russia. No statistics are available of books in Hebrew and of books on Jewish subjects published in other languages. An exhibition of Hebrew books published since the World War was held in Warsaw in the spring of 1924. Many of the Hebrew publishing houses, including Omanuth, Debir, Ahiasaph, Central, Eber, etc., participated in the exhibition.

During the past year the Palestinian Government decided to take over supervision of antiquities in Transjor

dania and, as a consequence, the finds of future excavations will be safeguarded.

Concerning Jewish publication societies, we may note that in the United States the Jewish Publication Society of America published the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 5685, Studies in Judaism, by Solomon Schechter, third series, and Selected Poems of Jehudah Halevi. At the last convention late in March 1925, the society reported that it had over nine thousand members. Its income during the past fiscal year was $73,000 and expenses $65,000 In Germany there was organized during the past year the Soncino Association of Friends of the Jewish Book for the purpose of publishing rare texts and issuing a bibliographical quarterly. In the United States a committee of doctors of medicine was organized for the publication of medical text-books in the Hebrew language.

During the past year, steps were again taken to organize a world organization of Jewish writers and journalists. Early in the Fall of 1924, on the occasion of the conference of the Jewish World Relief at Carlsbad, Czecho-Slovakia, Jewish writers and journalists of several countries held a convention and decided to establish commissions in Berlin, Paris and London with a view to promoting the welfare of members of the profession. Later, in the fall of 1924, the Hebrew Writers' Association of Palestine held its conference in Jerusalem. This was the second convention of the association, the first having been held at Tel Aviv in the spring of 5681. The convention adopted certain amendments to its constitution. One article provided for a World Association of Jewish Writers, the central office of which should be located in Jerusalem with branch offices in

every country and in every center having not less than 20 members. The convention was noteworthy also in other respects. Reports showed that there were 190 Hebrew writers in Palestine, whereas at the first convention there had been only 167. Of the 190, 27 lived by their pens exclusively, the rest being teachers, officials, etc. It was further declared that in other countries there were about 200 more Hebrew writers, and that during the past five years some 40 Hebrew writers had come to live in Palestine. In Soviet Russia, there was organized during the past year an association of Jewish proletarian writers as one of the constituents of the federation of associations of Russian writers.

PRESS. In the summer of 1924, there were in existence in Poland 53 Jewish newspapers and periodicals: 11 dailies, 26 weeklies, 3 bi-weeklies, 13 monthlies, and one publication issued at irregular intervals. In the United States, 105 Jewish newspapers and periodicals were being published in the spring of 1924, including 13 dailies, 63 weeklies, 3 bi-weeklies, 18 monthlies, 7 quarterlies, and one annual publication. The dailies were all in the Yiddish language. The others were in English, Hebrew, Yiddish and Ladino.

ART EXHIBITIONS.-The past year witnessed a continued interest in works of Jewish artists. Exhibitions were held in many countries. Works of M. Appelbaum were shown in Warsaw; Ben Zion Zuckerman exhibited in Tel Aviv; and Max Band exhibited in Berlin. Paintings by Gruenzweigh were exhibited in Paris. The works of M. Glicenstein the sculptor were exhibited at the British Museum and also in the National Museum in Rome, and the works

of the artists of the Bezalel organization in Palestine were shown at the Bezalel school in the fall of 1924.

MUSIC. In the past year steps were taken in a few countries to promote Jewish music. In the United States, the Hebrew Union College established a department of Jewish music directed by Professor Abraham Idelsohn. In Soviet Russia a society for the promotion of Jewish music was organized at Moscow. Steps were also taken to establish a conservatory of music in Palestine. For this purpose there was organized in the United States during the past year the Palestine Conservatory Committee which engaged in raising funds for such an institution.

THE JEWISH THEATRE.-Jewish theatres were maintained in many countries during the past year. Complete statistics are not available, but in the United States and Canada the theatrical season of 1924 opened with 26 Jewish theatres, of which number 13 were in New York. In the previous year, 25 Jewish theatres were opened, 4 of which number were forced to close down in the middle of the season. During the year, a new Jewish theatre opened in Berlin, and a Jewish theatrical studio, in London. On the other hand, the year witnessed the closing down of the Jewish Art Theatre in Moscow, after an existence of five years, and of the Central Jewish Theatre in Warsaw.

Late in 1924, the Jewish Drama League was organized in London, to promote interest in the Jewish drama, to assist in the production of plays of Jewish interest, to advocate utilization of characters and incidents in Jewish history and life as themes for plays, to organize a library of plays and Jewish themes, and to establish a bureau of information for Jewish dramatic societies. In the United