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AUSTRIA

OFNER, JULIUS, lawyer, communal leader, and former member of Parliament, Vienna, aged 80, Sept. 26, 1924.

BRITISH EMPIRE

EHRLICH, W., Senator, Bloemfontein, Aug. 5, 1924.

LEVER, SIR ARTHUR LEVY, Bart., Colonel, former member of Parliament, London, aged 63, Aug. 23, 1924.

MONTAGU, EDWIN SAMUEL, former Secretary of State for India, London, aged 45, Nov. 15, 1924.

RAPHAEL, SIR HERBERT, banker and former member of Parliament, London, aged 65, Sept. 26, 1924.

SALAMAN, MRS REDCLIFFE N., (Nina Davis), poetess, authoress, London, aged 48, Feb. 22, 1925.

SASSOON, SIR EDWARD ELIAS, philanthropist, London, aged 71, Dec. 2, 1924.

DENMARK

SALOMONSEN, CARL JULIUS, Professor of general pathology, founder of Serotherapeutic Institute, and scientist, Copenhagen, aged 77, Nov. 14, 1924.

FRANCE

BAKST, LEON, artist, painter, and stage designer, Paris, aged 57, Dec. 27, 1924.

BLOCH, ISAAC, rabbi, journalist, author, and instructor at university at Nancy, Nancy, aged 76, Feb. 15, 1925.

IGNACE, EDOUARD, deputy and ex-Minister, Paris, aged 62, July 24, 1924.

GERMANY

WASSERMANN, AUGUST VON, professor and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm-Institut for Experimental Therapy, aged 59, March 16, 1925.

NETHERLANDS

LOEN, A. VAN, Chief rabbi, The Hague, aged 77, Jan. 15, 1925.

OPPENHEIM, JACQUES, professor of jurisprudence, authority on international law, Councillor of State, and communal leader, The Hague, aged 75, October 7, 1924.

PALESTINE

SHENKIN, MENACHEM MENDEL, writer and Zionist leader, Tel Aviv, in accident in Chicago, Ill., Nov. 2, 1924.

ROUMANIA

Picker, Moritz, Czernowitz, communal leader, aged 75, Dec. 11, 1924.

SOVIET RUSSIA

BRAUDO, ALEXANDER, librarian, author, and historian, Leningrad, in London, aged 60, Nov. 8, 1924.

GERSHENSON, MICHAEL OSIPOVITCH, literary historian, critic and publicist, Moscow, Feb. 21, 1925.

MARGOLIN, DAVID, civic and communal worker and philanthropist, Kiev, at Berlin, aged 76.

MASE, JACOB, chief rabbi and communal leader, Moscow, aged 64, Dec. 19, 1924.

RAFFALOVICH, ARTHUR, professor and economist, Leningrad, aged 71.

THE JEWS OF CANADA

By MARTIN WOLFF

Though nearly four hundred years have elapsed since French explorers first landed on the shores of Canada, the definite history of Jewish settlement commences only with the British occupation in 1760, and it was more than a hundred years later before they arrived in any considerable numbers from Europe.

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With its vast extent, stretching from ocean to ocean, having an area of 3,729,666 square miles-comparable with 3,617,673 square miles for the United States, including Alaska-and comprising almost 28% of the total area of the British Empire, Canada is yet but sparsely peopled, its total population today being only about 9,000,000, representing about 2.5 to the square mile of land. With its dry, invigorating winters, and balmy fruitful summers, its fertile soil, vast forests, and rich mineral deposits, Canada holds illimitable possibilities for the future under the British flag, where every man has a chance to work for the glory of God and the brotherhood of man.

In the course of the past one hundred and sixty-five years, and especially during the past half century, the Jews of Canada have grown steadily in numbers, in the nature and extent of their conribution to the upbuilding of the country, and in the solidarity and efficiency of their communal institutions. The development of Jewish settlements has paralleled somewhat those in the United States,

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there being the same succession of Hispano-Portuguese, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian waves of immigration, although on a far smaller scale.

In the following article, we will take up the story of the settlement and development of Jews in Canada. For convenience of treatment, the subject matter has been divided into two parts, viz., first, the Jew as citizen, dealing with the settlement of Jews in Canada and their participation in the political, civic, and business life of the country; second, the growth and development of Jewish communal life and institutions.

I. THE JEW AS CITIZEN

Canada was opened to civilization by adventurous explorers from Europe seeking a passage westward to the Far East, the fabulous land of Cathay, reported to contain untold wealth. The vast Gulf of St. Lawrence and the majestic river of that name formed a natural highway to the interior, and it was, therefore, natural that the first settlements of white men in Canada should be at the points on this waterway that were easily reached in sailing vessels; thus Eastern Canada was known and becoming settled long before there was any knowledge of the Western section of the same vast country. Quebec and Montreal were the first settlements of any importance in Canada, and it is to these points that we must look for the early history of the Jews in the land.

A. EARLY COLONIAL PIONEERS

In 1760, after the defeat of the French at Quebec, de Levis, the French Commander, retired to Montreal.

Thither he was followed by General Murray, who was joined by a British army, under General Amherst, which came up from New York by way of Lake Champlain and Lake George. On September 8th, when the French surrendered Montreal to the British, one of the officers who rode through the ancient city gate beside General Amherst was commissary officer Aaron Hart. This officer was afterwards attached to General Haldimand's command at Three Rivers, and in this way became acquainted with the locality where, at the close of the French and Indian War (1763), he took up his residence. He was the first Jew known to have settled in Canada.

Aaron Hart entered various successful enterprises, and became Seigneur of Beçancour and several other Seigneuries, and it is a noteworthy fact that not only was the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, entertained in royal style by the Seigneur of Beçancour, but the first Papal Envoy to the country was also the guest of this hospitable Jewish Manor. Other Jewish officers with the British troops were Emanuel de Cordova, Hananiel Garcia, Isaac Miranda and Samuel Jacobs.

Among other Jewish settlers who arrived in Canada about this time were Lazarus David, Uriel Moresco, Abraham Franks, Levy Solomons, Ezekiel Solomons, Manuel Gomez, Simon Levy and Fernandez de Fonseca. These were amongst the first Israelites recorded as having settled permanently in this country. They were soon joined by several others, among whom were David Salesby (or Salisbury) Franks, Jacob de Maurera, Andrew Hays, Isaac Judah, Uriah Judah and Joseph Bindona. Several of these were connected with the army, others were mer

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