by faith since the middle of the 18th century. The riots led to the closing of the school for a time. In a German high school at Neuköln, on the occasion of the appointment of one Dr. Grelling as teacher of mathematics, the students rioted and finally struck, declaring: "We German youth will not allow ourselves to be instructed by Jews." The director took no action and the teacher resigned. Students later boycotted and mistreated those of their fellows who failed to join in the strike. In Bavaria, it was reported that Professor Willstätter, winner of the Nobel prize for research work in chemistry, resigned from the university as a protest against the action of the university board in declining to accept two professors on the ground of their being "aliens" (Jews). Early in June, 1924, the conference of academic burschenschaften (youth organizations) in German institutions of higher learning, held at Danzig, had on its agenda the subject of a campaign against Jewish students and professors in the German institutions of higher learning. One speaker declared that Germany could not permit non-Germans (Jews) to teach Germans, and that Germans did not want non-Germans (Jews) to occupy places in the institutions of higher learning which are needed for Germans.

In our own country, an investigation was made during the year by one Mr. Daniel H. Pierce concerning alleged discrimination by boards of education against Jewish and Catholic teachers. The investigator found that while such discrimination was aimed more at Catholics than at Jews, it affected them both. With the exception of the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Utah, no States have any statutes prohibit

ing school boards from inquiring into a prospective teacher's religious belief, but even in the above-mentioned States this inquiry is very common outside of the largest centers. Over one hundred private agencies all over the country and thousands of school boards require statements on matters such as the following: "Give three references including your pastor," "What is your religion?" "Of what church are you a member?" "If not a member, which do you prefer?" In the middle west, managers of teachers' agencies reported that from 95% to 98% of their calls are for Protestants only. Discrimination, writes Mr. Pierce, is extremely prevalent from Western Pennsylvania to the extreme west, but diminishes along the coast. According to Mr. Pierce the tendency to discriminate against Jewish and Catholic teachers is growing in strength and is bound to grow as long as the Catholics in the country pursue their system of parochial education.

It is noteworthy that Governor Silzer of New Jersey, early in the year under review, issued an order to the State Commissioner of Education directing him to instruct local school boards to stop the practice of questioning applicants for appointment as teachers concerning their religious affiliations.

ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION.-Few cases of Economic discrimination in the strict sense of the word were reported during the year. On the whole it appears that antiSemites sought to undermine the economic position of the Jews through regular legislation.. In Poland nationalization of industries and heavy taxation, especially in industries employing considerable numbers of Jews, were resorted to (See p. 56). In some countries in Eastern

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Europe, anti-Semites were active in enacting laws providing for the compulsory observance of Sunday, with the sole aim of crippling the economic position of the Jews. This was especially the case in Salonica and Lithuania. Another method of economic discrimination, in a "constitutional" way, was an effort made in Poland to hold public fairs on Saturdays. Sejm deputies openly declared that the transfer was favored only by organizations which are antiJewish in character. Still another mode of undermining Jewish economic life was through the enactment of the so-called nationality laws in Roumania and in Poland. Efforts were made to use the nationality laws in a manner calculated to deprive numerous Jews of economic opportunities open to citizens only (See p. 73). In Bavaria the anti-Semitic party actually moved in the Diet that the government introduce a bill providing for the exclusion of Jews from the economic life of the country, a demand which the leaders for the government declared that they felt it necessary to reject as prompted by "insane antiSemitism."

An increase was noticeable during the past year in the number of reported cases of discriminations against Jews in the civil service. In Poland, Jewish deputies complained that the Minister of War sent out secret orders that certain positions should not be open to Jews. It was also declared that the courts were discharging Jewish officials to make place for Christians. City councils refused to allow members of the Jewish labor party to participate in public works or to admit them to positions in the civil service. Similarly in Germany, especially in Thuringia, the anti-Semites made efforts to dismiss state officials of the Jewish faith. The

Zeire Zionists in the Ukraine alleged in a proclamation that the authorities were dismissing thousands of Jewish employees under the mask of the Ukrainization of the country.

POLITICAL MATTERS.-Few instances of discrimination against Jews in political matters in the strict sense of the word were reported during the past year. Broadly speaking, the political status of the Jews in various countries in Eastern Europe, the Anglo-Jewish Association declared, continued to show improvement during 1924. With regard to domicile, it is noteworthy that in Turkey the Minister of the Interior ordered early in 1925 that "all non-Moslems including the Jews will be permitted to travel on the Anatolian railroad only as far as Guebze, and in European Turkey only as far as Tchataldja. They will under no circumstances be permitted to penetrate to the interior of Turkey without the permission of the Ministry of the Interior." In Germany, the anti-Semites failed in their efforts to enact legislation providing for the expulsion of "all those who are racially Jews" and have settled in the country after 1914. In Austria it was reported that the City Council of Salzburg decided that only Christians should henceforth receive naturalization certificates.

With regard to legislation, the anti-Semites introduced a bill in the German Reichstag providing for the placing of "all those who are racially Jews" under a special legal status. On the other hand, in Poland, after a struggle of six years, the Sejm finally voted to abolish the custom of forcing a Jewish Kehillah to pay for the treatment which its poor Jews received at the free city hospitals. The Jews maintained that the custom involved discrimination inasmuch as the free city hospitals were being maintained by

taxes collected from all inhabitants of the city irrespective of race or creed.

The press reported several attempts of anti-Semites to exclude Jews from political life. This was especially the case in Germany. In the spring of 1924, the anti-Semites in the Diet of Thuringia, led by the notorious anti-Semitic leader, Arthur Dinter, tried to force the Minister of Finance to dismiss the president of the state bank, Loeb, because he was a Jew. In Prussia, the municipal council of Spandau dismissed the vice-mayor, Dr. Herz, but the Supreme Court decided that this action was illegal.

PERSECUTION.-The year under review passed without serious cases of persecution. In Aleppo, Syria, rumors spread in the fall of 1924 that Jews had killed a Christian boy for "ritual" purposes. The Armenian Patriarch then publicly announced that he did not believe in the accusations, and order was restored in the city. In Roumania, in the city of Targumeres, students hired a servant girl to go about the city crying, "My Jewish employers dragged me down into a cellar and wanted to take my blood for ritual purposes." As a result a panic broke out the following day, and a mob committed excesses against Jews on May 22, 1924. Police established the baselessness of the story and peace was restored.

In Roumania the press reported early in the year under review that authorities were seeking to expropriate the land of 10,000 Jewish farmers in Bessarabia. In the fall it was reported that the government confiscated the land and property of sixty-three Jews in the village of Telmesti, in the district of Dorohoiu. In Poland, Jews had occasion to appeal to the government requesting that the authorities