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armed attack against one or more of the parties to the treaty will be considered an armed attack against them all. This area is now increased by the addition of Greece and Turkey, and the forces, vessels, and aircraft of the parties in the Eastern Mediterranean.

The committee, in its report on the North Atlantic Treaty, already has stated that

the word "area" is intended to cover the general region, rather than merely the North Atlantic Ocean in a narrow sense

The importance of Greece and Turkey to the security of the free world was recognized almost 5 years ago. On March 12, 1947, President Truman told the Congress that

It is necessary only to glance at a map to realize that the survival and integrity of the Greek nation are of grave importance in a much wider situation. If Greece should fall under the control of an armed minority, the effect upon its neighbor, Turkey, would be immediate and serious. Confusion and disorder might well spread through the entire Middle East.1

The Congress underlined the United States interest in the continued freedom and welfare of Greece and Turkey by authorizing and appropriating funds on various occasions for military and economic aid for these two countries. In fact, the first military assistance program enacted was for that area. These amounts are set forth in the table below.

The committee believes that our new commitment to assist Greece and Turkey, if an armed attack against them occurs, by such action as we deem necessary, is a logical step in view of our continuing profound concern about the stability and territorial integrity of the Eastern Mediterranean area.

7. MILITARY AND ECONOMIC AID TO GREECE AND TURKEY

Illustrative of the importance which the United States has attached to Greece and Turkey is the following table showing the amounts authorized and appropriated for military and economic aid to the two countries since the war:

UNITED STATES POSTWAR AID TO GREECE AND TURKEY THROUGH
FISCAL YEAR 1951

Aid appropriated under authority of Public Law 75, 80th
Cong., and succeeding legislation -

UNRRA 2 aid to Greece (United States share).

3

EGA assistance___

Other economic aid (Export-Import Bank, surplus property credits, etc.).

Total...

1 $1, 205, 870, 000

312, 000, 000

1, 096, 000, 000

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1 Includes small amounts of military aid to Iran (fiscal years 1951 and 1952). [Footnote in original.]

? United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. [Footnote in original.]

3 Economic Cooperation Administration. [Footnote in original.]

Does not include International Bank loans to Turkey of $25,400,000. [Footnote in original.]

For the full text of the President's message, see A Decade of American Foreign Policy, pp. 1253-1257.

415900-57- -59

PROJECTED MILITARY AND ECONOMIC AID TO GREECE AND TURKEY FOR FISCAL YEAR 1952

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Greece..
Turkey.

1 $396, 250,000

182, 000, 000 (2)

1 Includes small amounts of military aid to Iran (fiscal years 1951 and 1952). [Footnotes in original.] Final figure under consideration. [Footnote in original.]

8. CONTRIBUTIONS OF GREECE AND TURKEY

In return for the pledge of assistance in case of attack, the United States gains two strong and courageous partners in NATO. Greece and Turkey have for many years demonstrated their determination to survive as free nations. They have both withstood the test of internal Communist aggression and external Soviet threats. Their opposition to communism has been proven by deeds, not merely words. The Communist Party is outlawed in both nations. Furthermore, Greece and Turkey were among the first to respond to the United Nations appeal for troops to fight aggression in Korea. The magnificent record of their forces there has won praise and respect from our highest military authorities. Their will and courage to defend themselves against aggression is unquestionable.

Because Greece and Turkey have lived under the fear of aggression for many years, they have found it essential to their survival to develop their defensive strength. The United States has given them help. As the result partly of our aid, they have substantial and relatively well-equipped and well-trained defensive military forces. Each country is devoting about 40 percent of its national budget to defense. The availability of this military strength for the security of free Europe greatly enhances the defensive capacity of NATO. The committee was impressed with the strategic importance of this area. Greece and Turkey lie athwart one of the major eastwest trade routes. Both countries have common borders with Russia or her satellites. Their location and strength make them a powerful deterrent to any aggression against southern Europe, the Middle East or North Africa, since between them they control both the overland route and the sea route by which any such aggression might be launched. Turkey, in addition, flanks the land route from the north to the important oil fields of the Middle East. Moreover, the southeastern flank of General Eisenhower's NATO army, now anchored in the central Mediterranean, will be bolstered by the defensive bulwark to the east which Greece and Turkey represent. Important benefits also will accrue to Greece and Turkey through their accession to the North Atlantic Treaty, since in the event they are attacked, they will not stand alone but will have the growing strength of the North Atlantic Treaty behind them.

9. CONCLUSIONS

The committee was impressed with the many compelling reasons for inviting Greece and Turkey to accede to the North Atlantic Treaty.

1. The protection of their territory will serve to insure the benefits which our economic and military aid has brought these countries.

2. Their accession will also add to the security of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, which are strategically important to the defense of the free world.

3. The southeastern flank of General Eisenhower's NATO army will be greatly strengthened.

4. Greece and Turkey have sizable forces in a good state of readiness and of tested valor.

5. The two nations have been strengthening their democratic institutions and have actively cooperated with the West for many years.

6. They are devoted to the cause of peace and collective security.

These factors have led the committee to conclude that the admission of Greece and Turkey to NATO will increase the strength and security of the North Atlantic area. Such a step, the committee believes, will be in the national interest of the United States. The committee, therefore, urges the Senate to take prompt and favorable action on the present protocol, so that the way may be cleared for the accession of Greece and Turkey at the earliest possible moment.

12. PROTOCOL TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ON THE ACCESSION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, OCTOBER 23, 1954 1

1

The Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty signed at Washington on 4th April, 1949,

Being satisfied that the security of the North Atlantic area will be enhanced by the accession of the Federal Republic of Germany to that Treaty, and

2

Having noted that the Federal Republic of Germany has by a declaration dated 3rd October, 1954, accepted the obligations set forth in Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations and has undertaken upon its accession to the North Atlantic Treaty to refrain

1 TIAS 3428; 6 UST, pt. 5, p. 5707. Ratification advised by the Senate, Apr. 1, 1955; ratified by the President, Apr. 7, 1955; entered into force, May 5, 1955. For the texts of the report of the Secretary of State to the President and the report of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on this protocol, see supra, pp. 613-623 and 627-643.

See Part V of the Final Act of the London Conference, Oct. 3, 1954; infra, p. 1481.

from any action inconsistent with the strictly defensive character of that Treaty, and

Having further noted that all member governments have associated themselves with the declaration also made on 3rd October, 1954,2 by the Governments of the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the French Republic in connection with the aforesaid declaration of the Federal Republic of Germany,

Agree as follows:

Article I

Upon the entry into force of the present Protocol, the Government of the United States of America shall on behalf of all the Parties communicate to the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany an invitation to accede to the North Atlantic Treaty. Thereafter the Federal Republic of Germany shall become a Party to that Treaty on the date when it deposits its instruments of accession with the Government of the United States of America in accordance with Article 10 of that Treaty.3

Article II

The present Protocol shall enter into force, when (a) each of the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty has notified to the Government of the United States of America its acceptance thereof, (b) all instruments of ratification of the Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty have been deposited with the Belgian Government, and (c) all instruments of ratification or approval of the Convention on the Presence of Foreign Forces in the Federal Republic of Germany have been deposited with the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Government of the United States of America shall inform the other Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty of the date of the receipt of each notification of acceptance of the present Protocol and of the date of the entry into force of the present Protocol.

6

Article III

The present Protocol, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Govern

1 By a resolution dated Oct. 22, 1954; London and Paris Agreements, SeptemberOctober 1954 (Department of State publication 5659; 1954), p. 36.

2 See Part V of the Final Act of the London Conference, Oct. 3, 1954; infra, pp. 1481-1483.

3 The Federal Republic of Germany deposited its instrument of accession to the North Atlantic Treaty May 6, 1955.

The member countries of NATO deposited their notifications of acceptance of this protocol on the dates indicated, in the following order: Turkey, Mar. 9, 1955; Iceland, Mar. 16, 1955; Greece, Apr. 18, 1955; Norway, Apr. 18, 1955; Italy, Apr. 20, 1955; the United States, Apr. 20, 1955; Belgium, Apr. 22, 1955; Denmark, Apr. 23, 1955; Portugal, Apr. 26, 1955; Canada, Apr. 29, 1955; the Netherlands, Apr. 30, 1955; Luxembourg, May 3, 1955; France, May 5, 1955; and the United Kingdom, May 5, 1955.

5 Infra, pp. 972-976.

6

Supra, pp. 610-612.

ment of the United States of America. Duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of the other Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty.

In witness whereof, the undersigned Representatives, duly authorised thereto by their respective Governments, have signed the present Protocol.

Signed at Paris the twenty-third day of October nineteen hundred and fifty four.

Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines

13. TEXT OF TREATY, AUGUST 30, 1951 1

The Parties to this Treaty,

1

Reaffirming their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all Governments, and desiring to strengthen the fabric of peace in the Pacific Area,

Recalling with mutual pride the historic relationship which brought their two peoples together in a common bond of sympathy and mutual ideals to fight side-by-side against imperialist aggression during the last war,

Desiring to declare publicly and formally their sense of unity and their common determination to defend themselves against external armed attack, so that no potential aggressor could be under the illusion that either of them stands alone in the Pacific Area,

Desiring further to strengthen their present efforts for collective defense for the preservation of peace and security pending the development of a more comprehensive system of regional security in the Pacific Area,

Agreeing that nothing in this present instrument shall be considered or interpreted as in any way or sense altering or diminishing any existing agreements or understandings between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines,

Have agreed as follows:

ARTICLE I

The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace

TIAS 2529; 3 UST 3947-3952. Ratification advised by the Senate, Mar. 20, 1952; ratified by the President, Apr. 15, 1952; entered into force, Aug. 27,

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