want to unite their strength in a common defense which can, however, be brought into operation only as the Security Council or, if it fails, as this body, reflecting world opinion, judges to be right. The goal is security based on collective strength and subject to law. The proposals before the Committee, while not perfect, nevertheless, do seem to the sponsors to be the closest thing we can realistically get at the present time to achieve the result of collective strength under law. I hope that the representatives will never forget in the course of this discussion the tremendous significance of creating a collective force, drawn not just from the great powers but also from the small powers, so that it represents all of our membership, and subjecting that force, which is drawn from the great, as well as the small, to the common, representative, moral judgments that are reflected by the United Nations. Never before, in the history of the world, has there been anything like that. We have seen, over the past, a succession of military alliances primarily made by the great powers, and in every case the use of that strength was directed primarily by the self-interest of the great powers who made the greater contribution. But never have we had in history what is proposed here: a collective force in which some may contribute more than others but where the use of that force is determined not by individual states or by individual powers but by the collective judgment of mankind as represented by the appropriate organs of this organization. There are some who profess to fear the power of the United States. We remind any such representatives that the United States placed its power in Korea at the service and subject to the will of the United Nations, and the purpose of this draft resolution is to assure, even more fully for the future, that armed force will be available for the common interest, but, in the words of our Charter, shall not be used, save in the common interest. Two other so-called great powers, the United Kingdom, and France, are among the cosponsors of this historic proposal to put the strength, even of the great, under the collective judgment of the United Nations. What are the alternatives before us? If, at this time of admitted peril, the United Nations in this General Assembly hestitates to recommend ways whereby its members can unite their strength to maintain international peace and security, what will happen? We all know what will happen. There will inevitably be increased dependence on military alliances, the strength of which will not be subject to law or to any such representative universal body as this United Nations. There can, under those circumstances, be no comparable assurance that aggregations of power outside this organization will be as responsive to the over-all welfare of the peoples of the world as can be assured by this organization. That is why the rejection of these proposals would, in my opinion, have grave consequences, and, in dealing with them, we assume a grave responsibility. If, as I confidently believe, we accept these proposals, we shall be opening to all mankind a new vista of hope. 8. RESOLUTION 377 (V) OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, A The General Assembly, Recognizing that the first two stated Purposes of the United Nations are: "To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace", and "To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace"," 2 Reaffirming that it remains the primary duty of all Members of the United Nations, when involved in an international dispute, to seek settlement of such a dispute by peaceful means through the procedures laid down in Chapter VI of the Charter, and recalling the successful achievements of the United Nations in this regard on a number of previous occasions, Finding that international tension exists on a dangerous scale, Recalling its resolution 290 (IV) entitled "Essentials of peace"," which states that disregard of the Principles of the Charter of the United Nations is primarily responsible for the continuance of international tension, and desiring to contribute further to the objectives of that resolution, Reaffirming the importance of the exercise by the Security Council of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and the duty of the permanent members to seek unanimity and to exercise restraint in the use of the veto, Reaffirming that the initiative in negotiating the agreements for armed forces provided for in Article 43 of the Charter belongs to the Security Council, and desiring to ensure that, pending the conclusion of such agreements, the United Nations has at its disposal means for maintaining international peace and security, Conscious that failure of the Security Council to discharge its responsibilities on behalf of all the Member States, particularly those responsibilities referred to in the two preceding paragraphs, does not relieve Member States of their obligations or the United Nations of 1 General Assembly, Official Records, Fifth Session, Supplement No. 20 (A/1775), pp. 10-12. 2 Preamble to the charter. 3 Resolution of Dec. 1, 1949; A Decade of American Foreign Policy, pp. 951–952. its responsibility under the Charter to maintain international peace and security, Recognizing in particular that such failure does not deprive the General Assembly of its rights or relieve it of its responsibilities under the Charter in regard to the maintenance of international peace and security, Recognizing that discharge by the General Assembly of its responsibilities in these respects calls for possibilities of observation which would ascertain the facts and expose aggressors; for the existence of armed forces which could be used collectively; and for the possibility of timely recommendation by the General Assembly to Members of the United Nations for collective action which, to be effective, should be prompt, A 1. Resolves that if the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in any case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression, the General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately with a view to making appropriate recommendations to Members for collective measures, including in the case of a breach of the peace or act of aggression the use of armed force when necessary, to maintain or restore international peace and security. If not in session at the time, the General Assembly may meet in emergency special session within twenty-four hours of the request therefor. Such emergency special session shall be called if requested by the Security Council on the vote of any seven members, or by a majority of the Members of the United Nations; 2. Adopts for this purpose the amendments to its rules of procedure set forth in the annex to the present resolution; B 3. Establishes a Peace Observation Commission which, for the calendar years 1951 and 1952, shall be composed of fourteen Members, namely: China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, France, India, Iraq, Israel, New Zealard, Pakistan, Sweden, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America and Uruguay, and which could observe and report on the situation in any area where there exists international tension the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security. Upon the invitation or with the consent of the State into whose territory the Commission would go, the General Assembly, or the Interim Committee when the Assembly is not in session, may utilize the Commission if the Security Council is not exercising the functions assigned to it by the Charter with respect to the matter in question. Decisions to utilize the Commission shall be made on the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members present and voting. The Security Council may also utilize the Commission in accordance with its authority under the Charter; 4. Decides that the Commission shall have authority in its discretion to appoint sub-commissions and to utilize the services of observers to assist it in the performance of its functions; 5. Recommends to all governments and authorities that they cooperate with the Commission and assist it in the performance of its functions; 6. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the necessary staff and facilities, utilizing, where directed by the Commission, the United Nations Panel of Field Observers envisaged in General Assembly resolution 297 B (IV);1 C 7. Invites each Member of the United Nations to survey its resources in order to determine the nature and scope of the assistance it may be in a position to render in support of any recommendations of the Security Council or of the General Assembly for the restoration of international peace and security; 8. Recommends to the States Members of the United Nations that each Member maintain within its national armed forces elements so trained, organized and equipped that they could promptly be made available, in accordance with its constitutional processes, for service as a United Nations unit or units, upon recommendation by the Security Council or the General Assembly, without prejudice to the use of such elements in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognized in Article 51 of the Charter; 9. Invites the Members of the United Nations to inform the Collective Measures Committee provided for in paragraph 11 as soon as possible of the measures taken in implementation of the preceding paragraph; 10. Requests the Secretary-General to appoint, with the approval of the Committee provided for in paragraph 11, a panel of military experts who could be made available, on request, to Member States wishing to obtain technical advice regarding the organization, training, and equipment for prompt service as United Nations units of the elements referred to in paragraph 8; D 11. Establishes a Collective Measures Committee consisting of fourteen Members, namely: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Burma, Canada, Egypt, France, Mexico, Philippines, Turkey, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, Venezuela and Yugoslavia, and directs the Committee, in consultation with the Secretary-General and with such Member States as the Committee finds appropriate, to study and make a report to the Security Council and the General Assembly, not later than 1 September 1951, on methods, including those in section C of the present resolution, which might be used to maintain and strengthen international peace and security in accordance with the Purposes and 1 Resolution of Nov. 22, 1949; General Assembly, Official Records, Fourth Session, Resolutions (A/1251), pp. 21-22. Principles of the Charter, taking account of collective self-defence and regional arrangements (Articles 51 and 52 of the Charter); 12. Recommends to all Member States that they cooperate with the Committee and assist it in the performance of its functions; 13. Requests the Secretary-General to furnish the staff and facilities necessary for the effective accomplishment of the purposes set forth in sections C and D of the present resolution; E 14. Is fully conscious that, in adopting the proposals set forth above, enduring peace will not be secured solely by collective security arrangements against breaches of international peace and acts of aggression, but that a genuine and lasting peace depends also upon the observance of all the Principles and Purposes established in the Charter of the United Nations, upon the implementation of the resolutions of the Security Council, the General Assembly and other principal organs of the United Nations intended to achieve the maintenance of international peace and security, and especially upon respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all and on the establishment and maintenance of conditions of economic and social well-being in all countries; and accordingly 15. Urges Member States to respect fully, and to intensify, joint action, in co-operation with the United Nations, to develop and stimulate universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and to intensify individual and collective efforts to achieve conditions of economic stability and social progress, particularly through the development of under-developed countries and areas. ANNEX 1 The rules of procedure of the General Assembly are amended in the following respects: 1. The present text of rule 8 shall become paragraph (a) of that rule, and a new paragraph (b) shall be added to read as follows: "Emergency special sessions pursuant to resolution 377 A (V) shall be convened within twenty-four hours of the receipt by the Secretary-General of a request for such a session from the Security Council, on the vote of any seven members thereof, or of a request from a majority of the Members of the United Nations expressed by vote in the Interim Committee or otherwise, or of the concurrence of a majority of Members as provided in rule 9." 2. The present text of rule 9 shall become paragraph (a) of that rule and a new paragraph (b) shall be added to read as follows: "This rule shall apply also to a request by any Member for an emergency special session pursuant to resolution 377 A (V). In 1 See United Nations, Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly (A/520/Rev. 3), N. Y., 1954. This edition includes amendments adopted by the General Assembly up to and including the eighth session (1953). |