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mination to preserve and defend the basic democratic institutions of the peoples of the American Republics.

2. To request the Pan American Union, for the purpose of facilitating the fulfillment of the objectives of this Resolution, to assign to the appropriate Department, such as the Department of International Law and Organization, with the assistance, if deemed desirable, of experts on the subject, the following duties:

(a) To make technical studies concerning the definition, prevention, and punishment, as crimes, of sabotage and espionage with respect to acts against the American Republics and directed from abroad or against the defense of the Americas;

(b) To make technical studies of general measures by means of which the American Republics may better maintain the integrity and efficacy of the rights of the human person and of the democratic system of their institutions, protecting and defending them from treason and any other subversive acts instigated or directed by foreign powers or against the defense of the Americas;

(c) To make technical studies concerning measures to prevent the abuse of freedom of transit, within the Hemisphere, including clandestine and illicit travel and the misuse of travel documents, designed to weaken the defense of the Americas.

The Pan American Union shall transmit the reports and conclusions resulting from its studies to the American Governments for their information, through their Representatives on the Council of the Organization of American States, and should any of the said governments so request and the Council by a simple majority of votes so decide, a specialized conference on the matter shall be called pursuant to the terms of Article 93 of the Charter of the Organization of American States.

9. STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS: The Declaration of Caracas, Adopted by the Tenth Inter-American Conference, March 28, 19541

The Tenth Inter-American Conference

Reaffirms:

2

The fundamental principles and aims of the Charter of the Organization of American States, the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,*

3

1 Res. XCV; Tenth Inter-American Conference, Caracas, Venezuela, March 1-28, 1954 (Department of State publication 5692; 1955), pp. 158-159.

A Decade of American Foreign Policy, pp. 427–445.

Res. XXX; Ninth International Conference of American States, Bogotá, Colombia, March 30-May 2, 1948 (Department of State publication 3263; 1948), pp. 260-266.

Declaration approved by the U.N. General Assembly Dec. 10, 1948; A Decade of American Foreign Policy, pp. 1156–1159.

and the resolutions of the Organization that refer to those principles and aims;

Reiterates:

Recognition of the inalienable right of each American State to choose freely its own institutions in the effective exercise of representative democracy, as a means of preserving its political sovereignty, achieving its economic independence, and living its own social and cultural life, without intervention on the part of any state or group of states, either directly or indirectly, in its domestic or external affairs, and, particularly, without the intrusion of any form of totalitarianism; Renews:

The conviction of the American States that one of the most effective means of strengthening their democratic institutions is to increase respect for the individual and social rights of man, without any discrimination, and to maintain and promote an effective policy of economic well-being and social justice to raise the standard of living of their peoples;

Resolves:

To unite the efforts of all the American States to apply, develop, and perfect the above-mentioned principles, so that they will form the basis of firm and solidary action designed to attain, within a short time, the effective realization of the representative democratic system, the rule of social justice and security, and the economic and cultural cooperation essential to the mutual well-being and prosperity of the peoples of the Continent; and

Declares:

That this resolution shall be known as the "Declaration of Caracas".

10. MEETING THE THREAT TO PEACE AND SECURITY: Declaration of Solidarity for the Preservation of the Political Integ rity of the American States Against International Communist Intervention, Adopted by the Tenth Inter-American Conference, March 28, 19541

WHEREAS:

The American republics at the Ninth International Conference of American States 2 declared that international communism, by its antidemocratic nature and its interventionist tendency, is incompatible with the concept of American freedom, and resolved to adopt within

1 Res. XCIII; Tenth Inter-American Conference, Caracas, Venezuela, March 1-28, 1954 (Department of State publication 5692; 1955), pp. 156-157.

2 See Res. XXXII; Ninth International Conference of American States, Bogotá, Colombia, March 30-May 2, 1948 (Department of State publication 3263; 1948), pp. 266-267.

their respective territories the measures necessary to eradicate and prevent subversive activities;

The Fourth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs recognized that, in addition to adequate internal measures in each state, a high degree of international cooperation is required to eradicate the danger which the subversive activities of international communism pose for the American States; and

The aggressive character of the international communist movement continues to constitute, in the context of world affairs, a special and immediate threat to the national institutions and the peace and security of the American States, and to the right of each state to develop its cultural, political, and economic life freely and naturally without intervention in its internal or external affairs by other states, The Tenth Inter-American Conference

Condemns:

I

The activities of the international communist movement as constituting intervention in American affairs;

Expresses:

The determination of the American States to take the necessary measures to protect their political independence against the intervention of international communism, acting in the interests of an alien despotism;

Reiterates:

The faith of the peoples of America in the effective exercise of representative democracy as the best means to promote their social and political progress; and

Declares:

That the domination or control of the political institutions of any American State by the international communist movement, extending to this Hemisphere the political system of an extracontinental power, would constitute a threat to the sovereignty and political independence of the American States, endangering the peace of America, and would call for a Meeting of Consultation to consider the adoption of appropriate action in accordance with existing treaties.

Recommends:

II

That, without prejudice to such other measures as they may consider desirable, special attention be given by each of the American governments to the following steps for the purpose of counteracting the subversive activities of the international communist movement within their respective jurisdictions:

1. Measures to require disclosure of the identity, activities, and sources of funds of those who are spreading propaganda of the

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international communist movement or who travel in the interests of that movement, and of those who act as its agents or in its behalf; and

2. The exchange of information among governments to assist in fulfilling the purpose of the resolutions adopted by the InterAmerican Conferences and Meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs regarding international communism.

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This declaration of foreign policy made by the American republics in relation to dangers originating outside this Hemisphere is designed to protect and not to impair the inalienable right of each American State freely to choose its own form of government and economic system and to live its own social and cultural life.

11. REAFFIRMATION OF SUPPORT OF THE CARACAS DECLARATION OF SOLIDARITY: Senate Concurrent Resolution 91 (83d Congress, 2d Session), June 29, 1954 1

1

WHEREAS for many years it has been the joint policy of the United States and the other States in the Western Hemisphere to act vigorously to prevent external interference in the affairs of the nations of the Western Hemisphere; and

WHEREAS in the recent past there has come to light strong evidence of intervention by the international Communist movement in the State of Guatemala, whereby government institutions have been infiltrated by Communist agents, weapons of war have been secretly shipped into that country, and the pattern of Communist conquest has become manifest; and

WHEREAS On Sunday, June 20, 1954, the Soviet Government vetoed in the United Nations Security Council a resolution to refer the matter of the recent outbreak of hostilities in Guatemala to the Organization of American States:2 Therefore be it

Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That it is the sense of Congress that the United States should reaffirm its support of the Caracas Declaration of Solidarity of March 28, 1954, which is designed to prevent interference in Western Hemisphere affairs by the international Communist movement, and take all necessary and proper steps to support the Organization of American States in taking appropriate action to prevent any interference by the international Communist movement in the affairs of the States of the Western Hemisphere.

168 Stat., pt. 2, B51; see also Department of State Bulletin, July 5, 1954, pp. 26-32. 2 U. N. doc. S/3236.

3 Supra.

[BILATERAL MILITARY ASSISTANCE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER AMERICAN REPUBLICS, 1952-1955]1

The Guatemalan Situation: An Example of International Communist Intervention in the American Republics

12. THE GUATEMALAN COMMUNIST PARTY: An Analysis by the Department of State, May 1954 (Summary)2

The Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (The Guatemalan Labor Party-PGT), a Communist party modeled on and guided by the Soviet Communist Party, is the most influential single political organization in present-day Guatemala. Its influence on Guatemalan political life is probably greater than that exercised in any other Latin American country by any local Communist party. The characteristics of its growth and successes provide perhaps the most revealing insight into the adaptation of international Communist strategy to the Latin American environment.

3

The PGT is a party of young ladino "intellectuals," of the lower middle class. Its founders and present leaders are young schoolteachers, ex-university students, journalists, white collar workers and former employees of United States and foreign enterprises in Guatemala. This was the sector of society most frustrated under the archaic social structure of Guatemala, a small Central American State of some 3,000,000 inhabitants which until after World War II remained a backward dictator-ridden agricultural country where 2 percent of the landholdings covered 70 percent of the arable land, and over half the population consisted of illiterate Indians living apart from the main currents of twentieth century life.

These agreements were negotiated under the Mutual Security Acts of 1951 and 1954; infra, pp. 3059-3086 and 3105-3140, respectively. Agreements have been signed with Brazil (TIAS 2776; 4 UST 170); Chile (TIAS 2703; 3 UST, pt. 4, p. 5123); Colombia (TIAS 2496; 3 UST, pt. 3, p. 3690); Cuba (TIAS 2467; 3 UST, p. 2, p. 2901); the Dominican Republic (TIAS 2777; 4 UST 184); Ecuador (TIAS 2560; 3 UST, pt. 3, p. 4162); Guatemala (TIAS 3283; 6 UST, pt. 2, p. 2107); Haiti (TIAS 3386; 6 UST, p. 3, p. 3847); Honduras (TIAS 2975; 5 UST 843); Nicaragua (TIAS 2940; 5 UST 453); Peru (TIAS 2466; 3 UST, pt. 3, p. 2890); and Uruguay (TIAS 2778; 4 UST 197). Military Mission Agreements have also been signed with all of the other American Republics with the exception of the Dominican Republic and Mexico.

2 Intervention of International Communism in Guatemala (Department of State publication 5556; 1954), pp. 35-40.

A ladino in Guatemala is a person who has adopted European cultural standards (e. g., Western dress) and may be racially a pure Indian as well as a person of mixed blood. [Footnote in original.l

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