In the spring and fall the eggs of the canker-worm moth may be found in abundance on fences and trees in cities. They are very minute, and are found in clusters arranged like stones in a pavement, but with greater regularity. With a sharp knife a shaving of wood may be cut off, taking the eggs with it. (See eggs in Fig. 77, b.)

If they are collected in the spring-time, little worms will hatch from them in the course of a few weeks, and these may be fed on the young leaves of the elm-tree.

Eggs of other insects may be found on fences, leaves, and twigs of plants; also on the leaves of the squash-vine, and other plants in the garden.

Certain eggs may be found upon the twigs of apple-trees, covered with a shiny coating, like varnish. For all these objects the pupils will have to hunt carefully, as only the keenest eyes will find them out.

70. Caterpillars and grub-worms are found everywhere, so common indeed that the pupil has only to examine the fences as he goes to school to secure some. For certain kinds of grub-worms, he may dig in the garden, follow the furrow made by a plough, or tear the bark from some dead tree, and discover the specimens he is in search of. For chrysalides and cocoons the pupils may be directed to search on old garden-fences, under stones and dry boards.

Some chrysalides will be found hanging with the large end downward, as in Fig. 72; others will be found suspended by the small end, with a delicate thread around the middle,

holding the chrysalis horizontally, or vertically, against the fence, as in Fig. 80, C.

Some of them are encased in a mesh of threads, which may be built against the fence, or under the edges of clapboards on the sides of houses. And within the cocoons collected, the chrysalides, or their empty cases, will be found, as in Fig. 73.

Ricn collecting-places may always be found on old gardenfences in cities and towns. Fences surrounded by trees and bushes will oftentimes have a great many insects lurking under projecting edges-caterpillars climbing up the posts,

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The different kinds of eggs collected by the pupils were laid by insects of different kinds. For example, if they have collected eggs like the following (Fig. 75), the insect that laid them was a moth, and looked like Fig. 76.

Now, if the pupil will keep these eggs in a box, there will hatch from them little animals resembling worms, very tiny at first, but growing rapidly if supplied with appropriate

food. Insects generally lay their eggs in such places that the worm, or caterpillar, coming from them can easily find access to its proper food, and this food in the case of most caterpillars consists of leaves, or the wood, bark, or juices, of plants and trees.

72. Commencing with the egg, the pupil should get, if possible, the insect while in the act of depositing her eggs, and this will not be difficult to do in the case of the cankerworm moth, whose caterpillars commit such ravages upon the elm-trees.

FIG. 77.-CANKER-WORM MOTH, EGGS, AND WORMS: a, Female Canker-worm Moth laying her Eggs, b; c, Top-View, and d, Side-View of an Egg magnified; e, Canker-worm eating its way out of the Egg, magnified; f, Magnified View of Canker-worm; g, Natural Size of Canker-worm after leaving the Egg; h, Male Canker-worm Moth.

The female of the canker-worm moth has no wings. They are very common in early spring and in the fall, laying their eggs on fences. Fig. 77, a, represents the female. moth depositing the eggs; b, the eggs being deposited upon a chip which was cut from a fence while the female was at work; c, represents a top view of one egg magnified; d,

and chrysalides attached to the rails of the fence. Fig. 74 shows a portion of a fence of this kind.

With the eggs, caterpillars, and chrysalides on hand, the pupils are ready to study the life-history of an insect.

71. Many animals, as fishes, snakes, and birds, lay eggs, and from these eggs little creatures are hatched that resemble the animals which laid the eggs.

Insects also lay eggs, but from these eggs come little creatures which do not at all resemble the insect that produced them.

The different kinds of eggs collected by the pupils were laid by insects of different kinds. For example, if they have collected eggs like the following (Fig. 75), the insect that laid them was a moth, and looked like Fig. 76.

FIG. 76.-INSECT WHICH LAID THE EGGS IN
FIG. 75.

FIG. 75.-EGGS LAID ON THE
TWIG OF AN APPLE-TREE.

Now, if the pupil will keep these eggs in a box, there will hatch from them little animals resembling worms, very tiny at first, but growing rapidly if supplied with appropriate