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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
THE STEAM-ENGINE AS A SIMPLE MACHINE.
PAGE
SECTION I. THE PERIOD OF SPECULATION-HERO TO WORCESTER, B. C. 200 TO
A. D. 1700
Introduction-the Importance of the Steam-Engine, 1; Hero and his Treatise
on Pneumatics, 4; Hero's Engines, B. C. 200, S; William of Malmesbury on Steam,
A. D. 1150, 10; Hieronymus Cardan on Steam and the Vacuum, 10; Malthesius
on the Power of Steam, A. D. 1571, 10; Jacob Besson on the Generation of Steam,
A. D. 1578, 11; Ramelli's Work on Machines, A. D. 1588, 11; Leonardo da Vinci
on the Steam-Gun, 12; Blasco de Garay's Steamer, A. D. 1513, 12; Battista della
Porta's Steam-Engine, A. D. 1601, 13; Florence Rivault on the Force of Steam,
A. D. 1608, 15; Solomon de Caus's Apparatus, A. D. 1615, 16; Giovanni Branca's
Steam-Engine, A. D. 1629, 16; David Ramseye's Inventions, A. D. 1630, 17;
Bishop John Wilkins's Schemes, A. D. 1648, 18; Kircher's Apparatus, 19.
1
SECTION II.-THE FIRST PERIOD OF APPLICATION-WORCESTER, PAPIN, AND SAVERY 19
Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, A. D. 1663, 19; Worcester's Steam
Pumping-Engines, 21; Jean Hautefeuille's Alcohol and Gunpowder Engines,
A. D. 1678, 24; Huyghens's Gunpowder-Engine, A. D. 1680, 25; Invention in
Great Britain, 26; Sir Samuel Morland, A. D. 1683, 27; Thomas Savery and his
Engire, A. D. 1698, 31; Desaguliers's Savery Engines, A. D. 1718, 41; Denys
Papin and his Work, a. D. 1675, 45; Papin's Engines, A. D. 1685-1695, 50; Pa-
pin's Steam-Boilers, 51.
CHAPTER II.
THE STEAM-ENGINE AS A TRAIN OF MECHANISM.
THE MODERN TYPE OF ENGINE AS DEVELOPED BY NEWCOMEN, BEIGHTON, and
SMEATON
Defects of the Savery Engine, 55; Thomas Newcomen, A. D. 1705, 57; the
Newcomen Steam Pumping-Engine, 59; Advantages of Newcomen's Engine. 60;
Potter's and Beighton's Improvements, A. D. 1713-'18, 61; Smeaton's Newcomen
Engines, A. D. 1775, 64; Operation of the Newcomen Engine, 65; Power and
Economy of the Engine, 69; Introduction of the Newcomen Engine, 70.
V
55
CHAPTER III.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE.
SECTION I.-JAMES WATT AND HIS INVENTIONS .
James Watt, his Birth and Parentage, 79; his Standing in School, 81; he
learns his Trade in London, 81; Return to Scotland and Settlement in Glasgow,
82; the Newcomen Engine Model, 83; Discovery of Latent Heat, 84; Sources
of Loss in the Newcomen Engine, 85; Facts experimentally determined by
Watt, 86; Invention of the Separate Condenser, 87; the Steam-Jacket and other
Improvements, 90; Connection with Dr. Roebuck, 91; Watt meets Boulton, 93;
Matthew Boulton, 93; Boulton's Establishment at Soho, 95; the Partnership of
Boulton and Watt, 97; the Kinneil Engine, 97; Watt's Patent of 1769, 98;
Work of Boulton and Watt, 101; the Rotative Engine, 103; the Patent of 1781,
104; the Expansion of Steam-its Economy, 105; the Double-Acting Engine,
110; the "Compound" Engine, 110; the Steam-Hammer, 111; Parallel Mo-
tions, the Counter, 112; the Throttle-Valve and Governor, 114, Steam, Vacu-
um, and Water Gauges, 116; Boulton & Watt's Mill-Engine, 118; the Albion
Mill and its Engine, 119; the Steam-Engine Indicator, 123; Watt in Social Life,
125; Discovery of the Composition of Water, 126; Death of James Watt, 128;
Memorials and Souvenirs, 128.
SECTION II.-THE CONTEMPORARIES OF JAMES WATT
William Murdoch and his Work, 132; Invention of Gas-Lighting, 184; Jon-
athan Hornblower and the Compound Engine, 135; Causes of the Failure of
Hornblower, 187; William Bull and Richard Trevithick, 138; Edward Cart-
wright and his Engine, 140.
79
132
CHAPTER IV.
THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE.
THE SECOND PERIOD OF APPLICATION-1800-1850-STEAM-LOCOMOTION ON RAIL-
ROADS
Introduction, 144; the Non-Condensing Engine and the Locomotive, 147;
Newton's Locomotive, 1680, 149; Nathan Read's Steam-Carriage, 150; Cugnot's
Steam-Carriage, 1769, 151; the Model Steam-Carriage of Watt and Murdoch,
1784, 153; Oliver Evans and his Plans, 1786, 153; Evans's Oruktor Amphibolis,
1804, 157; Richard Trevithick's Steam-Carriage, 1802, 159; Steam-Carriages of
Griffiths and others, 160; Steam-Carriages of Goldsworthy Gurney, 1827, 161;
Steam-Carriages of Walter Hancock, 1831, 165; Reports to the House of Com-
mons, 1831, 170; the Introduction of the Railroad, 172; Richard Trevithick's
Locomotives, 1801, 174; John Stevens and the Railroad, 1812, 178; William
Hedley's Locomotives, 1812, 181; George Stephenson, 183; Stephenson's Kill-
ingworth Engine, 1813, 186; Stephenson's Second Locomotive, 1815, 187; Ste-
phenson's Safety-Lamp, 1815, 187; Robert Stephenson & Co., 1824, 190; the
Stockton & Darlington Engine, 1825, 191; the Liverpool & Manchester Rail-
road, 1826, 193; Trial of Competing Engines at Rainhill, 1829, 195; the Rocket
and the Novelty, 198; Atmospheric Railways, 201; Character of George Ste-
144
phenson, 204; the Locomotive of 1883, 204; Introduction of Railroads in Europe,
206; Introduction of Railroads in the United States, 207; John Stevens's Ex-
perimental Railroad, 1825, 207; Horatio Allen and the "Stourbridge Lion," 1829,
208; Peter Cooper's Engine, 1829, 209; E. L. Miller and the S. C. Railroad, 1830,
210; the "American " Type of Engine of John B. Jervis, 1832, 212; Robert L.
Stevens and the T-rail, 1830, 214; Matthias W. Baldwin and his Engine, 1831,
215; Robert Stephenson on the Growth of the Locomotive, 220.
CHAPTER V.
THE SECOND PERIOD OF APPLICATION-1800-1850-THE STEAM-ENGINE APPLIED TO SHIP-PROPULSION
Introduction, 221; Ancient Prophecies, 223: the Earliest Paddle-Wheel, 223;
Blasco de Garay's Steam-Vessel, 1513, 224; Experiments of Dionysius Papin,
1707, 214; Jonathan Hulls's Steamer, 1786, 225; Bernouilli and Gauthier, 228;
William Henry, 1782, 230; the Comte d'Auxiron, 1772, 232; the Marquis de
Jouffroy, 1776, 233; James Rumsey, 1774, 234; John Fitch, 1785, 285; Fitch's
Experiments on the Delaware, 1787, 237; Fitch's Experiments at New York,
1796, 240, the Prophecy of John Fitch, 241; Patrick Miller, 1786-'87, 241; Sam-
uel Morey, 1793, 243; Nathan Read, 1788, 244; Dundas and Symmington, 1801,
246; Henry Bell and the Comet, 1811, 248; Nicholas Roosevelt, 1798, 250;
Robert Fulton, 1802, 251; Fulton's Torpedo-Vessels, 1801, 252; Fulton's First
Steamboat, 1803, 258; the Clermont, 1807, 257; Voyage of the Clermont to Al-
bany, 259; Fulton's Later Steamboats, 260; Fulton's War-Steamer Fulton the
First, 1815, 261; Oliver Evans, 1804, 263; John Stevens's Screw-Steamer, 1804,
261; Stevens's Steam-Boilers, 1804, 264; Stevens's Iron-Clad, 1812, 268; Robert
L. Stevens's Improvements, 270; the "Stevens Cut-off," 1841, 276; the Stevens
Iron-Clad, 1837, 277; Robert L. Thurston and John Babcock, 1821, 280; James
P. Allaire and the Messrs. Copeland, 281; Erastus W. Smith's Compound Engine,
283; Steam-Navigation on Western Rivers, 1811, 283; Ocean Steam-Navigation,
1808, 285; the Savannah, 1819, 286; the Sirius and the Great Western, 1838, 289;
the Cunard Line, 1840, 290; the Collins Line, 1851, 291; the Side-Lever Engine,
292; Introduction of Screw-Steamers, 293; John Ericsson's Screw-Vessels, 1836,
294; Francis Pettit Smith, 1837. 296; the Princeton, 1841, 297; Advantages of
the Screw, 299; the Screw on the Ocean, 300; Obstacles to Improvement, 301;
Changes in Engine-Construction, 302; Conclusion, 303.
CHAPTER VI.
THE STEAM-ENGINE OF TO-DAY.
THE PERIOD OF REFINEMENT-1850 TO DATE
Condition of the Steam-Engine at this Time, 303; the Later Development of
the Engine, 304, Stationary Steam-Engines, 307; the Steam-Engine for Small
Powers, 307; the Horizontal Engine with Meyer Valve-Gear, 311; the Allen En-
gine, 314; its Performance, 316; the Detachable Valve-Gear, 316; the Sickels
Cut-off, 317; Expansion adjusted by the Governor, 318; the Corliss Engine, 319;
221
308
PAGF
the Greene Engine, 321; Perkins's Experiments, 323; Dr. Alban's Work, 325;
the Perkins Compound Engine, 327; the Modern Pumping-Engine, 328; the
Cornish Engine, 328; the Steam-Pump, 381; the Worthington Pumping-Engine,
333; the Compound Beam and Crank Engine, 335; the Leavitt Pumping-En-
gine, 336; the Stationary Steam-Boiler, 338; "Sectional " Steam-Boilers, 343;
"Performance" of Boilers, 344; the Semi-Portable Engine, 348; Performance of
Portable Engines, 350; their Efficiency, 352; the Hoadley Engine, 354; the
Mills Farm and Road Engine, 356; Fisher's Steam-Carriage, 356; Performance
of Road-Engines, 357; Trial of Road-Locomotives by the Author, 358; Conclu-
sions, 358; the Steam Fire-Engine, 360; the Rotary Steam-Engine and Pump,
865; the Modern Locomotive, 368; Dimensions and Performance, 373; Com-
pound Engines for Locomotives, 376; Extent of Modern Railroads, 378; the
Modern Marine Engine, 379; the American Beam Engine, 379; the Oscillating
Engine and Feathering Wheel, 381; the two "Rhode Islands," 382; River-Boat
Engines on the Mississippi, 384; Steam Launches and Yachts, 386; Marine
Screw-Engines, 389; the Marine Compound Engine, 390; its Introduction by
John Elder and others, 393; Comparison with the Single-Cylinder Engine, 395;
its Advantages, 396; the Surface Condenser, 397; Weight of Machinery, 398;
Marine Engine Performance, 398; Relative Economy of Simple and Compound
Engines, 399; the Screw-Propeller, 399; Chain-Propulsion, or Wire-Rope Towage,
402; Marine Steam-Boilers, 403; the Modern Steamship, 405; Examples of Mer-
chant Steamers, 406; Naval Steamers-Classification, 499; Examples of Iron-
Clad Steamers, 412; Power of the Marine Engine, 415; Conclusion, 417.
CHAPTER VII.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE STEAM-ENGINE.
HISTORY OF ITS GROWTH; ENERGETICS AND THERMO-DYNAMICS
General Outline, 419; Origin of its Power, 419; Scientific Principles involved
in its Operation, 420; the Beginnings of Modern Science, 421; the Alexandrian
Museum, 422; the Aristotelian Philosophy, 424; the Middle Ages, 426; Galileo's
Work, 428; Da Vinci and Stevinus, 429; Kepler, Hooke, and Huyghens, 429;
Newton and the New Mechanical Philosophy, 430; the Inception of the Sci-
ence of Energetics, 483; the Persistence of Energy, 433; Rumford's Experi-
ments, 434; Fourier, Carnot, Seguin, 437; Mayer and the Mechanical Equivalent
of Heat, 438; Joule's Determination of its Vaiue, 438; Prof. Rankine's Investi-
gations, 442; Clausius-Thompson's Principles, 444; Experimental Work of
Boyle, Black, and Watt, 446; Robison's, Dalton's, Ure's, and Biot's Study of
Pressures and Temperatures of Steam, 447; Arago's and Dulong's Researches,
447; Franklin Institute Investigation, 447; Cagniard de la Tour-Faraday, 447;
Dr. Andrews and the Critical Point, 448; Donny's and Dufour's Researches,
448; Regnault's Determination of Temperatures and Pressures of Steam, 449;
Hirn's Experiments, 450; Résumé of the Philosophy of the Steam-Engine, 451;
Energy-Definitions and Principles, 451; its Measure, 452; the Laws of Energet-
ics, 453; Thermo-dynamics, 453; its Beginnings, 454; its Laws, 454; Rankine's
General Equation, 455; Rankine's Treatise on the Theory of Heat-Engines, 456;
Merits of the Great Philosopher, 456.
419
CHAPTER VIII.
ITS APPLICATION; ITS TEACHINGS RESPECTING THE Construction of tHE ENGINE
AND ITS IMPROVEMENT
Origin of all Energy, 457; the Progress of Energy through Boiler and Engine,
458; Conditions of Heat-Development in the Boiler, 458; the Steam in the En-
gine, 458; the Expansion of Steam, 459; Conditions of Heat-Utilization, 460;
Loss of Power in the Engine, 462; Conditions affecting the Design of the Steam-
Engine, 466; the Problem stated, 466; Economy as affected by Pressure and
Temperature, 467; Changes which have already occurred, 468; Direction of
Changes now in Progress, 470; Summary of Facts, 471; Characteristics of a
Good Steam-Engine, 473; Principles of Steam-Boiler Construction, 476.
457
CHAPTER IX.
LE FIN DU SIÈCLE.
PROGRESS OF The Century; Latest IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STEAM-ENGINE; THE
TREND OF NATIONAL PROGRESS; THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE STEAM-ENGINE
BY A COMING MOTOR
482