From every villag

forty miles distant. tives fired on the fleeing soldiers. Fort were met by a British relief column u which cleared the way back to Kanda fight at Maiwand, the British lost mor

As soon as Ayub Khan and his Afg Kandahar, the British garrison made proved disastrous. Brigadier-General

number of his officers and men lost the After this the British remained penned

It was on July 29 that the report o Kandahar reached the British at Ka diately offered to lead an expedition to the garrison there. The offer was acc Stewart. On August 9 Roberts set out from Sherpur with 18,500 men. The ried on mules. The expedition march than sixteen miles a day. Instead of the Afghan besiegers, Roberts turned September 1 the Highlanders stormed Mulla and Pir Painal. The Afghans more than 1,000 men. The march to nounced by British military critics as markable achievements of its kind. I came an idol of the British army. Muc

1880

FRANCE EXPELS JESUITS

the British Government gave orders to evacuate Kandahar. The districts of Pishin, Sibi, and Thal Chotiali were annexed. Yakoob Khan was kept in confinement. Abdur Rahman, a grandson of Dost Mohammed, was recognized as Ameer. Afghanistan proper was evacuated.

The King of Greece opened the Boulé this year with a warlike speech on the Turkish boundary question. Once more the Powers had to intercede. In Armenia the situation was equally threatening. Members of the newly formed Kurdish league ravaged the country, burning villages and killing many inhabitants. On the other hand the Porte complained that Roumelia and Bulgaria were stirred up by Russian agitators. As a result of international conferences at Berlin, a joint demand for compliance with the provisions of the Berlin Conference was made on the Porte in July. As Turkey failed to come to terms, the Powers made a naval demonstration on the coast of Albania, where the Montenegrins were giving trouble. Dulcigno was exacted from Turkey, and Montenegrin forces occupied that place. Servia was compelled to extend the same customs privileges to Austria that she gave to Great Britain. Roumania secured the recognition of her independence by accepting the provisions of the Berlin purchasing convention, whereby her railway lines were joined to those of the other Balkan States.

In France a new Republican Ministry had been formed under Freycinet, backed largely by the powerful influence of Gambetta. This Ministry took action against the powerful Society of Jesus. Expelled from France, the Jesuits sought refuge in Spain and Portugal. A bill for exclusively secular instruction in the public schools in France was passed through the Chambers by the Government. Next a general amnesty was extended to the Communists of 1871. Among the radical Republicans who now returned to France was Rochefort, who at once resumed his agitation against Gam

through any territory of Central or S have to be subject to the control of the

On June 2 the Republican Conven Conkling, with 306 delegates, made a renominate President Grant for a th Grant's rivals were Blaine and Sherm finally united and nominated Garfield a ocratic convention met at Cincinnati, or nated Hancock and English. The Repu elected by 214 electoral votes to 155.

During this year the Apache Indi were driven into Mexico. The chieftair of the band dispersed. Later in the ye ting Bull's Indians returned from Brit rendered to the United States authoriti

The erection of the Lick Observato ton, 4,250 feet above the Pacific Ocea in the year Sara Bernhardt made her America at Booth's Theatre in New Y study of typhoid fever Eberth discover

Toward the close of the year, th Eliot's novels were saddened by the de nent of English woman novelists. Ma in 1819, in Warwickshire. The novel lished over the signature of George Elio

ying success. line of communication. Early in December f Cossacks surprised and captured a strong enemy near Geok Tepe. By the middle of ral Skobelev attempted a reconnoissance in uffer a signal reverse. On Christmas Eve captured their positions at Geok Tepe. frica the British annexation of the Transated by the Boers. The Volksraad was ren December 16 the Republic of South Africa proclaimed at Heidelburg. The first shots ers and British were exchanged at the town m, on the refusal of Major Clarke to allow mation to be printed. After a spirited deh had to surrender. A letter was sent to Preen Lanyan, calling upon him to transfer the chin forty-eight hours. Sir Owen's reply hand was a proclamation offering pardon to o would submit and return to their homes. O an engagement was fought on the road from Pretoria. The British officers were picked arly part of the fight. A large number of the down while attempting to charge.

The Turkomans repeatedly

dered a surrender.

Their

Subdues Arabs in Southern Tunis.

T

HE state of affairs in the Tra ing for the English. On Ja Boer Commandant, was at borders of Natal with 700 men.

Col

sieged outside Potchefstroom, Sir Owe and Major Montague at Starndeon. taken possession of Utrecht and were The victories gained in the next mor minated in the defeat of the British at 27th of February. On that Saturday ish troops under Sir George Colby int the top of Majuba Hill, overlooking th Laing's Nek. The Boers were not aw until the British opened fire upon them hours' firing, in which everything see British, the Boers, 400 in number, s General Colby was killed, and with hi 82 men. The Boers took 122 prison ther to prosecute the war, Prime Minis into a treaty of peace by which the I dependence. England reserved to her all foreign treaties that might be enter African Republic.