that it is not the mere putting of the verbal Amen to the Confession and Absolution, that can prove us either true penitents or truly pardoned. Our hearts and lives must be in a growing state of conformity to the will of God, before we can draw any just and favourable conclusions respecting the safety of our condition. For God has clearly revealed it, and our Church invariably speaks the same language, that none will be admitted at last to his "eternal joy," but such as have confessed and forsaken their sins, and fled for refuge and pardon to the treasures of his love through Jesus Christ our Lord. And the more lively sense we have of the riches of his grace, the more careful shall we be in all holy conversation and godliness.

T. C. B.

(13.) PRAYER is the appointment of Heaven. God has designated it as the ordinary channel. through which he is pleased to communicate the needful blessings of his providence and grace, to his intelligent creatures. And though he has promised to his faithful people deliverance from the guilt and dominion of their sins, independently of any merit of their own, yet he has commanded it to be written, "Thus saith the Lord, I will yet for this be enquired of by the house of Israel to do it for them" (Ezek. xxxvi. 37.) This is a duty which must be performed with unaffected devo. tion, with fervency, and with frequency. And that we may never be at a loss in what manner we ought to express our desires, and present our petitions at the throne of grace, the Saviour has kindly instructed us in that divine form called "The Lord's Prayer."

This Prayer stands unrivalled in every circumstance that can combine to constitue the excellency of Prayer. It is so concise, that the most ignorant may learn it; so plain, that the most humble capacity may comprehend it: and yet it is so full that it comprehends all our wants, and intimates to us all our duty: it shews us not only what is fit to be asked, but what manner of persons we ought to be who ask it. Tertullian calls it "the epitome of the Gospel;" since it contains our persuasion of God's love, our desire of his honour, our subjection to his authority, our submission to his will, and our dependance on his providence; our need of his mercy to pardon former offences, and of his grace to keep us from future sin; and of both to deliver us from the punishment due to their guilt ;-concluding with acts of faith, and praise, and adoration. And being drawn up by our glorious Advocate with the Father who knew the treasures of mercy, as well as our guilt, it is complete in itself, acceptable to God, and exactly suited to our wants. It ought, therefore, to be united with all our religious offices, to make up for the defects, and recommend

them to our heavenly Father; who will not deny us when we speak the words which his Son taught us, if we use them with sincerity and devotion.

This Prayer was first dictated by the Saviour to his disciples, in his Sermon on the Mount, recorded by St. Matthew. It was set forth as a model for the composition of Prayers:-" After this manner, pray ye." It appears that the disciples did not then receive it as a set form, for about a year afterwards, as we are informed by St. Luke, they besought of him a special form of Prayer, such as the Jewish Doctors were accustomed to give to pupils. "Lord teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples." (Luke xi. 1.) Upon this, he prescribes it to them as a set form. It is not only a repetition of the prayer which he had before taught, but almost all the words and phrases of it are taken from the forms of prayer then in use among the Jews. "So remote was the Saviour," says Grotius, "from all affectation of novelty in devotion." Having been prescribed in so authoritative a manner, it has never since ceased to be used in the Christian Church. St. Jerome says, "It is recited in the Liturgy by our Lord's command." St. Cyprian, and others of the ancient Fathers, call it "the daily Prayer." And St. Augustine informs us that it was "daily used at the Altar," and that it was "repeated by the whole congregation," as our present Rubrick requires.

The devout men to whom the composing, and the arrangement of the Liturgy of our parent Church were committed, have equally displayed their judgment and their piety, by assigning to this prayer the first and chief place in the petitionary part of public worship. The introductory sentences, the general Confession, and the Absolution, which precede it, are more properly preparations for prayer than prayer itself. This prefatory portion of the Liturgy was first composed in the reign of King Edward the VI. Before this period, the public worship of the English Church, as well as of the Greek, and Romish Churches, began with the Lord's Prayer. But the venerable Reformers thought it not becoming in us to approach God as "Our Father," before we repented of our disobedience against him, and besought the pardon of our sins. And since it is the form of prayer taught by our Lord to his disciples, it seems most proper us to use it when we have approved ourselves his real disciples by repentance of our sins, and faith in his offers of mercy :-And since it thus becomes a badge of our discipleship, the rubrick has provided that it shall be repeated audibly by the whole congregation.

for

The Lord's prayer consists of three distinct parts:-First an address to God, containing a recognition of his goodness and his greatness. Then

follow six separate petitions;-The three first of which relate to the glory of God;-beseeching that his name may be honoured, his authority advanced, and his will accomplished: the three last concern our own good; being offered for temporal supplies, for remission of sins past, for prevention of future sins, and for deliverance from evils and miseries, temporal, spiritual, and eternal. It then closes with a doxology, ascribing to God dominion and might, mercy and praise.

If we have fulfilled the designs of the Church in the preparatory part of the Liturgy ;-If we have listened with reverence to the sentences from the Scriptures, and to the exhortation, and if we have joined with sincerity and fervency in the general Confession, and heartily responded our Amen, to the declaration of Absolution, we may approach God as our reconciled Father, and with filial confidence, address him as we are instructed by our Saviour, saying," Our Father who art in Heaven."

God dwells in Heaven, by way of eminence: There he has fixed his throne; there he unveils his divine Majesty, and reigns in the brightness of his glory. In his celestial presence, there is "fulness of joy," and at his "right hand, pleasures forevermore." But, blessed be his name, though he is enthroned in the heavens, his goodness is not confined to the "ten thousand times ten thousand" who bow before him there : he graciously looks down upon his worshipping creatures on the earth, and notwithstanding all their frailties, their errors, and their miseries, encourages them to approach his footstool, calling him, "Abba Father!" God is the Father of all mankind by creation; and he is more especially the Father of all who belong to his spiritual household, having begotten them again by the "washing of regeneration and the renewing of the Holy Ghost." But no man may call God his Father, in the sense of the Saviour's words, without the faith of the Gospel; nor can he with any propriety address him as Our Father, without the most perfect charity to all men, and especially to his brethren of the "household of faith." When, therefore, we approach God, in the address of this divine prayer, let us lay aside all envy, malice, and unbelief. And as we do it with united voices, let us do it with united hearts; sweetly blending our filial piety with universal charity.

Having, with suitable feelings and dispositions, addressed ourselves to God as our heavenly Father, we are instructed to pray that his name may be reverenced and adored;-" Hallowed be thy name."

By his name, is meant himself ;-His attributes, and perfections; and all that relates to his person and character, his works, his worship, and his sabbaths. His name, therefore, will be hallowed by us when we love his goodness, trust in his

mercy, believe his promises, fear nis threatenings, acknowledge his wisdom, adore his power, and live a godly life: when we praise him for his works, worship him with humility and faith, with real affection, and fervent desires-when we keep his sabbaths, respect his ministers, and love his people. The glory of God, being the principal end of our creation, ought to constitute the first and chief of our desires. And we are doubly bound to pray for the honour of his name, because he deserves it on account of the glory of his perfections, and because, approaching him as our Father, we owe him the more especial honour.

But since a great portion of the world lieth in wickedness, and is in subjection to vain idols; since even in Christian countries, the world, the flesh, and the Devil, exercise their dominion, we are taught to pray that the reign of God may be extended through the world, that the reign of his grace may be established in our hearts, and that the ultimate kingdom of his heavenly glory may be hastened on ;-" Thy kingdom come."

In using these words aright, we pray that the religion of the Gospel may be spread over the whole world-that the power and riches of divine grace may be felt in every heart-that the spiritual kingdom of Christ may be erected on the ruins of the kingdom of darkness-that the nations of the world may learn righteousness, and that the name of the Lord may be the praise of the whole earth. We not only pray that the kingdom of God's grace may be extended where it has never yet been known, but that it may be more powerfully felt, and more clearly manifested where his dominion is already acknowledged. We therefore request that this kingdom may be established within us:—that by the energy of his grace in our hearts, our unruly passions may be restrained, and our sinful desires extinguished, till we unfeignedly submit to his authority, fear his displeasure, rejoice in his love, and obey his will. But besides desiring that the kingdom of grace may be established throughout the world, and in our own hearts, as true disciples, we should extend our thoughts, in this petition, to the coming of the kingdom of glory ;—to that momentous period, and that wonderful exhibition of the dominion of Christ, when he shall descend from heaven with power and great glory, with the voice of the arch angel and the trump of God, to give his final blessing to his faithful people, and to admit them to the participation of his bliss. Let us regulate every action of our lives with a view to this great event, and let us manifest ourselves the faithful subjects of his kingdom of grace, that we may share the blessedness of his kingdom of glory!

The next petition in this divine prayer, is intimately connected with the two which precede it;

and has an immediate relation to the glory of God, as our spiritual and rightful sovereign :-" Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven."

In heaven his will is done unfeignedly, cheerfully, and universally. The Angels, and the spirits of just men made perfect, join in concord to exalt and magnify his name. Their white robes are emblematical of their innocence and integrity: their songs of praise and adoration are the animated language of their hearts: and the wings, with which they are described, fitly represent the readiness and alacrity with which they obey his will. They serve him day and night in his temple above; and his service is their happiness and their glory. It is the purport of the petition now under consideration, that we may copy their example by the nearest imi- | tation of which our present natures are capable ;"Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven.”. God has given us his written word, for the guide of our lives ;—for a lamp to our feet, and a light to our paths. If we act according to the import of this prayer, we shall obey all the precepts of his holy word with a willing mind. But are there not some who utter the petition in the house of God without any regard to its import? Are there not others who are resolved on only a partial obedience? And are there not some who are determined to pay no regard at all to the divine will? Let us beware of mocking God in so solemn a manner; since he requires of those who worship him, that they should do it in spirit and in truth. Besides a faithful, and willing obedience to the commands of God, the petition implies a cordial and cheerful submission to the dispensations of his providence. When he is heaping his tender mercies upon us, and crowning us with his goodness;-when he is giving us health, and food, and raiment, and all things richly to enjoy, there is no virtue in our acquiescence with the will of Providence. But when, in his inscrutable wisdom, he takes away the blessings he had lent us ;-our health, our strength, or our possessions; when he removes from us, at a stroke, the desire of our eyes;-the friend of our bosom, an affectionate parent, a beloved wife, a tender husband, or a lovely child; then it is that our submission is put to the test, and then it is that nothing but the power of divine grace in our hearts can enable us to say, with true Christian resignation, "thy will be done."

Having thus considered the three first of these petitions, which relate to God; we proceed to the three following ones, which more immediately concern ourselves: The first of which is, "Give us this day our daily bread."

The Israelites in the wilderness were directed to gather Manna every day, that no day might pass without a memento of God's Providence ;-so we

are instructed to ask of him each day our daily bread, that we may be constantly mindful of our dependance upon him. In this petition we ask for every kind of provision necessary for the support and comfort of body and soul. It is a prayer to be made by the wealthy, as well as by the indigent; for barns full of plenty, and coffers full of gold, often disappoint their owners. Riches may take to themselves wings and fly away; and all the real sweetness and comfort of our possessions, depend wholly upon the blessing of God. But the soul has its wants as well as the body; and these are to be supplied, not out of the abundance of earthly possessions, but from that spiritual fulness which is treasured up in Christ Jesus. To have communion and fellowship with him, through the assistance of the Holy Spirit, is the bread of life which cometh down from above, and in asking God each day for cur daily bread, the unsearchable riches of his grace should always occupy the first place in our thoughts.

After having thus humbly requested the blessings which are necessary for our bodies and our souls, we proceed, as repentant sinners, to implore an interest in the divine mercy ;-" And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us."

The particle and denotes the intimate connection of this petition with the preceding. For what real comfort can our daily bread afford us, if we are conscious we are living in the guilt of unforgiven sin. That we have all transgressed, and are daily transgressing, are truths which no one can presume to deny. The Saviour was well acquainted with our nature, and with our circumstances as sinners: He knew what would be the efficacy of his holy life, and his precious blood shedding; and he therefore wisely taught us to make it one of our earnest and daily requests, when we approach the divine footstool, "forgive us our trespasses." And blessed be God, that in making this petition with sincerity and faith, we have in the promise of the Saviour, an animating ground of hope; "Ask and ye shall receive." But in making the supplication, we must pay a particular regard to the state of our minds. We shall not receive if we ask amiss. We must ask "with an humble, lowly, penitent, and obedient heart:" with a sincere desire and intention of reformation, and amendment of life, and with an unfeigned forgiveness of all those who have "trespassed against us." "If ye forgive not men their trespasses," said the Saviour, "neither will your heavenly Father forgive you your trespasses." Let us then guard our hearts, when we come into the divine presence, lest any root of bitterness springing up within us should poison our petitions, and render both us and our services, an abomination to the Lord.

be thy name; Thy kingdom come; Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven; Give us this day our daily bread; And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; And lead us not into temptation; But deliver us from evil: For

We are as much dependant on the Providence of God to guide our steps, as we are on his mercy to pardon our sins. We are therefore instructed, in the conclusion of this admirable form, to pray for deliverance from all temptations, and evils;"Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil."

We are not to consider these words as implying that the Lord ever enticeth men to commit sin. For in this respect "God tempteth no man." But such is his power and Providence in the world, that he is sometimes figuratively spoken of in scripture, as actually doing, what he merely permits his creatures to do, or suffers evil spirits to do to them. And when after a profession of devotedness to him, we renounce our allegiance, despise his grace, and withdraw ourselves from his service, he may justly permit us to become a prey to our spiritual enemies, the world, the flesh, and the devil, in order the more deeply to convince us that "the way of transgressors is hard." But though God can not entice any man to commit sin, yet there is a sense in which he may be said to tempt mankind. For in scripture to tempt has sometimes the same signification as to try. Thus God is said to have tempted Abraham, that his faith might be more fully known both to himself, and to his posterity. And so he still tries the graces of his people, by disappointments and afflictions. But such trials are tempered with mercy, and are designed as fatherly chastisements, or necessary admonitions, in order to wean our affections from the world and draw us nearer to himself.

Lastly; as this divine prayer begins with a public acknowledgment of the paternal character of God, and a request that the attributes and perfections of his nature may be reverenced and adored; so it concludes with ascribing unto him the honour and praise due to his name: "For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen."

This doxology contains the reasons for putting up the foregoing petitions; and it is added, as a becoming tribute of praise, and as a ground of hope and confidence, that we shall obtain the blessings which we have faithfully asked. Every word in it tends to add strength to our faith, and to confirm our reliance on the divine mercy. Praise and thanksgiving are so essential to real devotion, that prayer must ever be defective without them. Let

thine is the Kingdom, and the Power, and the Glory, for ever and ever. Amen. Then likewise he shall say, (14.)

O Lord, open thou our lips; Ans. And our mouth shall show forth thy praise.

us then, learn to model all our requests at the throne of grace, and perform all our religious exercises, according to this divine pattern which our Lord himself has given us; and let us constantly join it with our other services, as containing the substance of our prayers, and well suited to give to all our devotions savour and efficacy in the sight of God. And let us not consider the frequent use of it a "vain repetition" for how can we too often join our Lord's most perfect prayer, with our's that are so imperfect, since it is through him alone that both we and our prayers are made acceptable to God.The hallowing of God's sacred name, the spread of divine truth, and the reign of grace; the daily supply of all our necessities, whether relating to this life, or that which is to come; the forgiveness of our sins, our deliverance from present evils, and our enjoyment of future and everlasting blessedness; these are the subjects embraced in this comprehensive and divine prayer: And since these are all at the wise and gracious disposal of God, we may well conclude our petitions with the doxology which the Saviour hath taught us; "For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen."

T. C. B.

(14.) Confession and prayer, thanksgiving and praise, and hearing the word of God, are the great objects of public worship. Our Church begins her daily services, by exhorting us to the right performance of these duties. After instructing us in the general confession of our sins, and by the declaration of absolution, encouraging us to address God as our Heavenly Father in the divine form taught us by his Son, she conducts us from penitence and prayer, to praise and thanksgiving. The versicles which follow the Lord's Prayer, are designed to prepare the way for this transition:

Min. "O Lord, open thou our lips. Ans. " And our mouth shall shew forth thy praise."

These versicles are called Responses, from their being repeated by the minister and people alternately; the minister beginning, and the people answering, or responding.—This practice of alternate recitation was common in the Jewish Church, and we read in the Book of Ezra, (Chap. iii. v. 10.) that it was established by "the ordinance of David, king of Israel." It was adopted in the primitive Christian Church; with this advantage, that whereas among the Jews the service was perform

¶ Here, all standing up, the Minister shall say, (15.)

ed by the Priests and Levites only, in the Christian Church every man is so far a Priest as to be permitted to join in this spiritual sacrifice.-Among the ancient Liturgies, there is not one to be found that does not contain these alternate recitations. In the Romish Church, indeed, Responses have been excluded, because the service is performed in an unknown tongue; and in some Protestant Churches they have been rejected, that the minister may expatiate in a long extempore prayer; but the Episcopal Church has restored to the people their primitive right of bearing their part in divine worship. But besides the antiquity and primitive authority of this mode of public worship, it is recommended by many special advantages.

Those who assemble in the house of God for the purpose of divine worship, are equally interested with the minister, in confessing their sins, entreating the divine mercy, and shewing forth the praises of God. This consideration alone might afford a sufficient reason why they should take their part in the daily sacrifices of supplication and thanksgiving; and not be debarred from expressing with their lips, what they really feel in their hearts. But in addition to this, the alternate prayers and praises of the minister and people are extremely well calculated to enliven the devotions of both; for the pious zeal and fervency of the oue, will seldom fail to warm and animate those of the other. It is another advantage of this mode of worship that its grateful variety relieves the mind, while the consciousness that we are bearing a part in it, tends to fix our thoughts, and excite in us a more serious and religious attention to what we are engaged in. Every one who is acquainted with the frailty and fickleness of the human heart, must be convinced of the necessity of every possible assistance to arrest his wandering thoughts, and prevent that distraction or listlessness of the affections to which our nature is so much disposed.

In this alternate mode of worship, though the minister and congregation say their respective parts separately and distinctly, yet each should attend to what the other repeats, and join in heart, though not in voice.

What has now been said in relation to versicles, applies equally to the Psalms and hymns, and whatever is directed to be said alternately throughout the service. It only remains to be observed on this subject, that in this responsive part of worship, all the congregation should join, audibly, and earnestly. To hear the soft voices of female piety, and the lisping tones of infancy, joining in concord with the stronger sounds of manhood, must afford

Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost;

delightful harmony to those who have any just sense of the "beauty of holiness." I know of nothing calculated to give us a more descriptive and affecting idea of the joys and blessedness of heaven, than to be present in a numerous congregation, thus devoutly engaged in celebrating the goodness and loving kindness of God. It is like the worship of the Seraphim, "crying one unto another, and saying, holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of hosts" (Is. vi. 3.) But unless this duty be attended to by the congregation at large, the intention of the service is defeated, and its beauty and solemnity are lost. It is not enough that a few faint voices are heard; the whole congregation should, with one heart, and with one mouth, glorify God, and their united answers should resemble "the voice of many waters." (Rev. xiv. 2.)

Let, then, a regard for the honour of the Church, and for the glory of God, who delights in the order and beauty, as well as in the sincerity of his worship, awaken the zeal of every member of the Church. Let him preserve silence in the parts of the service performed by the minister, joining in them, not with his voice, but with sincerity of mind and heart. But let every one consider it a sacred duty to repeat aloud, the parts in the service assigned to the people. He will thus enjoy the satisfaction and the profit to be derived from performing his part of the important duty of worshipping God. His confession will be rendered more earnest, his supplications more lively, his praises more ardent; and while he imparts animation to the minister, by his hearty response, both will derive new energy from the mutual aid, and the worship of the sanctuary will ascend as acceptable incense to the Lord of Hosts.

The versicles under consideration are taken from the penitential Psalm of David, and are now introduced with great propriety, after we have confessed our sins, and humbled ourselves before God, and before we presume to utter his praises contained in the Doxology, or sing them in the Psalms which follow it. From the conduct and experience of David, we learn the important lesson, that we cannot praise God aright, or worship him acceptably, till our minds are brought to a holy and devout frame. Sin clogs our affections, stupifies our souls, and makes us dumb before him. It seals the lip, and fetters the tongue. It makes our privileges a burden, and our duty a task. A deep sense of this, led the Psalmist to make the petition, "O Lord, open thou my lips ;" and the Church wisely instructs us, under similar circumstances, to do the same, that our "mouth may shew forth his praise."