conditions were different in China than they are to-day, they could make frequent visits without subjecting themselves to the dangers of kidnaping, robbery, and banditry. At the present time China is in such a condition which encourages the migration of our wives over here.

Mr. TAYLOR. Are there any intermarriages between Chinese and Japanese in the State of California?

Mr. FUNG. Practically none. The Chinese and the Japanese are not on good terms.

Mr. DICKSTEIN. What seems to be the trouble?

Mr. FUNG. The relation between China and Japan is not of the best, and has not been so for hundreds of years.

Mr. SCHNEIDER. What is the relationship between the Chinese and the Filipinos?

Mr. FUNG. There is no relation between them at all. Recently there have been racial frictions in the State of California. I have read in the paper that it is because of the relations of Filipinos with white girls. Why? Because there is such a large body of men there without families. That is why we should allow these American citizens to have their wives with them. They want home association with their wives, which is the safest promoter of morality.

Mr. SCHNEIDER. What about the Filipino bringing his wife? Mr. FUNG. It is said that they should stop them from coming or encourage them to bring their wives here.

Mr. GREEN. A white citizen of the United States may go to Haiti and marry one of those black women and bring her here. Who is there to say that a Chinese or a Japanese is not a better citizen than the blacks of Haiti?

The CHAIRMAN. If you are secretary of the Chinese American Citizens' Alliance, are you not able to give us an estimate of the number of Chinese in the United States?

Mr. FUNG. That is a subject I have not studied.

The CHAIRMAN. How many Chinese have you in the State of California?

Mr. FUNG. I do not know.

Mr. DYER. Mr. Fung was born in this country, and he has been to China only once in his life.

The CHAIRMAN. How many members have you in your organization in the State of California?

Mr. FUNG. I should say about 4,000.

The CHAIRMAN. Are they all citizens of the United States?

Mr. FUNG. Yes, sir; they are either native-born citizens, or citizens under section 1993 of the revised statutes.

The CHAIRMAN. Have you not looked up the Chinese population of California? Have you not investigated that matter?

Mr. FUNG. No, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Why not?

Mr. FUNG. I never thought of it.

Mr. Box. I am curious to know why you have never thought of it-thought of the number of Chinese in California.

Mr. FUNG. I mean I have not had access to any statistics on the subject since the 1920 census.

Mr. GREEN. Have you the number of Chinese in the whole United States?

Mr. FUNG. In 1920, according to the census of that year, there were 61,639 Chinese in the United States, of which 53,891 are male and 7,448 female. Of the total Chinese population of 61,639, 43,107 are foreign born and 18,532 native born. Of these native born 13,318 are male and 5,214 are female. Of the total female Chinese population, according to the census of 1920, 3,047 were married and 4,302 were single, 371 were widows, and 15 were divorced, while 13 were in a different status. Of the 4,302 Chinese females, 3,340 were under 15 years of age at the time of the census and 962 were 15 years of age or more. In other words, these figures show that the number of native born that are not married is not very large. Mr. CABLE. Why do you not canvass for additional members for your organization?

Mr. FUNG. We do.

The figures I just read may be found on page 5 of Senate Hearing on S. 2271, February 6, 1928.

The CHAIRMAN. That entire statement as to numbers and classification will be put in the record.

It says:

Mr. DYER. I have a statement here, if the chairman will permit, of Mr. Hong, which was in our hearings of last year. It says the number of Chinese in the United States, according to the 1920 census, is 61,639, of whom 53,891 are males and 7,748 are females. Of the total Chinese population of 61,639, 43,107 are foreign born and 18,532 native born. Of the 18,532 native-born Chinese 13,318 are males and 5,214 are females. Of the total female Chinese population of 7,748, the 1920 census shows 3,047 married and 4,302 single. Of the 4,302 Chinese females classed as single, 3,340 were under 15 years of age. At the time of the census 962 were 15 years of age and over. In other words, it shows that the number of native born that are not married is not very large. Mr. CABLE. Where do you get the members of your organization? Mr. FUNG. We get our members through other members. We do not advertise for members.

Mr. DICKSTEIN. Did I understand you to say that a minister of your religion is mandatorily excludible under the law?

The CHAIRMAN. The Supreme Court decision upheld the Chinese merchants, and that is the decision of recent time, after the passage of the 1924 act. I think those ran into a combination of treaties and statutes. When they decided to protect the Chinese merchant within his rights, the next step was to protect his wife and children or who were to follow him.

Mr. FUNG. Our organization has prepared certain pamphlets entitled "A Plea for Relief," and "A Second Plea for Relief." I should like to put them in the record if I may.

The CHAIRMAN. Is your second plea for relief an elaboration of the first one?

Mr. FUNG. No, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Does it contain the same material the first one contains?

Mr. FUNG. It does not contain arguments that are in the first one.. They are not duplicates.

The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, they will be put in.

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The CHAIRMAN. How many members in your organization?
Mr. FUNG. Five thousand.

The CHAIRMAN. How many of those are married?

Mr. FUNG. About one half.

The CHAIRMAN. You previously estimated that there were about 12,000 American citizens of Chinese ancestry who need wives. Mr. FUNG. No; I do not think so.

The CHAIRMAN. What do you think the number is now?

Mr. FUNG. That is the trouble; we can not get figures. I wish the Department of Labor would be able to help us. Every member of the Chinese race who leaves the country has a record in the department.

Mr. DYER. Mr. Fung speaks of those Chinese he knows and who belong to his organization.

The CHAIRMAN. If this bill is favored and we make a report to the House, the first question will be a statistical one.

Mr. DYER. The department is the only place you can get that. It can not give you facts, but it can make a better guess than anybody else. However, the number is not large.

The CHAIRMAN. Do you think it is 6,000?

Mr. DYER. I do not believe it would come up to 6,000.

Mr. FUNG. Mr. Husband has said that the number of these wives admitted during the 19 years from 1906 to 1924 would be a fair indication of the number that would come, and that amounted to about 149 a year. That is found in the record of a hearing before this committee on February 7, 1928, pages 24 and 25, being the testimony of Mr. Husband.

The CHAIRMAN. What is the estimate of the number of Japanese in the United States, married and unmarried?

Mr. FUNG. The best information on that is contained in the census figures of 1920. The total Japanese population of the country in 1920 amounted to 111,010, made up of 72,000 males and 38,000 females. Of the total Japanese population, 29,000 are classed as native born and 15,000 are male and 14,000 female. That means that the sexes are about equal.

Mr. DYER. This would not affect the Japanese perceptibly, because they brought in Japanese women for years under a certain agreement, and the number of young people of marriageable age. male and female, are practically equal. Therefore there is no need for native born Japanese to go to Japan to get wives.

The CHAIRMAN. Unless they could find a wife who had not acquired American customs and would be more economical. It has been testified here by Chinese citizens that they did not care for the American women, because they were so expensive. They said they would prefer to go to China and get wives who would not live in American fashion.

Mr. DICKSTEIN. That is economical.

Mr. SCHNEIDER. What specific reason is there, if any, for the small percentage of American-born Chinese females?

Mr. FUNG. There are a number of reasons advanced for that, and they have been placed in the previous hearings. One is that the Chinese women are not supposed to come out and meet people. They are like the Turkish women, confined in the homes. They do

not travel about and go abroad. In the early days the American people did not well receive the Chinese families, therefore these merchants who came here had the idea of making money here, transacting their business, and going home to China. It is different now, because of easy means of transportation. Again, the education of these people and so forth, make them want to go out from their country. That is why the women like this country now and want to come here.

Mr. SCHNEIDER. We are speaking of the American-born Chinese. You say there are about four-fifths male and one-fifth female. Why is that?

Mr. FUNG. Some native-born girls marry off to Chinese aliens and these aliens take the wives to China and we lose track of them. Moreover, they may go from here to other countries. The nativeborn Chinese girls have to supply two types of Chinese males, namely, the alien Chinese and the native-born Chinese males.

Mr. SCHNEIDER. Do the alien Chinese prefer the American Chinese girls?

Mr. FUNG. I can not say. You know that love is a funny thing. It is said that love is blind, and therefore many of these things are done for personal reasons that are hard to understand.

Mr. SCHNEIDER. I speak of that because if they were not wealthy and of a high class, they could not very well come here and marry the Chinese females and take them to other parts of the world.

Mr. FUNG. That is true. It is like American girls who desire titles and wealth, and therefore marry Europeans.

Mr. SCHNEIDER. Is that taking place now?

Mr. FUNG. To some extent. If these girls fall in love, they marry. China is a growing country. Some of these girls, being highly educated, follow their alien Chinese husbands to China and teach in the schools or help to upbuild the country in many other ways. Mr. DYER. We have 10,000 Chinese students in America.

Mr. ESTERLY. Would those be students who return to China? Mr. DYER. Yes; they are sent here by the Government of China, by provinces, or by wealthy parents to be educated, and when they become educated, practically all of them go back to China.

Mr. HOUSTON. Some of these come here to be educated as a result of the Boxer indemnity.

Mr. DYER. All the principal officials of the Nationalist Government in China, aside from the President, were educated in this country at Yale, Harvard, Columbia, and elsewhere.

Mr. Box. Is that why they are having all this disturbance there? Mr. DYER. It is getting better there.

(The following statement was made by Mr. W. W. Husband, Assistant Secretary of Labor, in charge of immigration matters, before the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization on February 7, 1928, in connection with H. R. 6974.)

Mr. DYER. Mr. Husband, the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Labor, and who is, as you know, one of the highest authorities we have in this country on immigration matters, is here. I asked the committee to invite Mr. Husband to come here this morning so that he might be available to answer any questions that may arise. Do you gentlemen desire to hear Mr. Husband this morning?

The CHAIRMAN. The committee is always glad to have Mr. Husband with it and to hear what he has to say. Mr. Husband, is there anything you desire to state in connection with this matter?

Mr. HUSBAND. Mr. Chairman, the department's attitude has been well stated, particularly in the quotation from the last annual report of the Secretary. That quotation is given in Mr. White's letter to the chairman under date of January 13, 1928.

This is, as has been suggested, a matter of policy in which we hesitate to be too vociferous in communicating with the committee; but I may add that we have had the feeling that granting rights to aliens, the aliens who are merchants or international merchants under the act of 1924, and professors and ministers who are aliens, and withholding a similar right to an American citizen, was hardly an equitable thing to do.

I might add, in order to give you the development of the record, a' table showing aliens of the Chinese race admitted as wives of United States citizens during the fiscal years 1906 to 1924, both years inclusive. It shows as follows:

Mr. HUSBAND. There was no record kept prior to 1906, and, of course, there has been no record since 1924.

The CHAIRMAN. The highest numbers were in 1922 and 1924, when 396 aliens of the Chinese race were admitted as wives of United States citizens in each year. The figure 691 is the total for the first 9 years and the figure 2,157 is the figure for the last 10 years.

Mr. Box. It has been stated that there are 15,000 male Japanese-American citizens and almost an equal number of unmarried females.

Mr. DYER. That would include married and unmarried.

Mr. Box. You have no record of the number married and unmarried? Mr. HUSBAND. I think statistics show the conjugal status, to use the census term, of all people by nationalities.

Mr. Box. From that we could learn the possible number who could go abroad and marry Japanese women and bring them to the United States? Mr. HUSBAND. I believe that information is available.

Mr. DYER. I will endeavor to get that information for the committee. The CHAIRMAN. We speak of this as a Chinese matter and we hear about American citizens of Chinese ancestry, but we have to realize that this would affect the whole oriental status, including Hindoos and everybody else.

Mr. HUSBAND. So far as the admission of aliens is concerned, it would affect the races that are ineligible to citizenship and that includes all the oriental races. However, so far as citizens are concerned, it includes all citizens of the United States. In practice, of course, it is confined largely to citizens of the same races, but an American citizen who is a Son of the Revolution could not marry a wife who was ineligible to citizenship and bring her into the United States. Perhaps not many of them would do it, but one who would do it would be faced with the same difficulty that faces these other people. The CHAIRMAN. Would an amendment of this sort simplify the work of the department somewhat?

Mr. HUSBAND. It would immediately take care of a number of cases that had been referred to and who were admitted-cases in which aliens ineligible to citizenship were admitted, some of them, after the act of 1924 went into effect. They continued to come and were rejected by the Immigration Service and appeal made to the Secretary for relief. Two cases went to the Supreme Court. One involved the wife of an American citizen and one involved the wife of a merchant. Under the Supreme Court decision, the wife of the