With regard to the other leading feature of Dr. Arnold's plan, to illustrate the history of Thucydides, we cannot help thinking that till we know what an author actually wrote, it is quite futile to reason upon his facts, or to combat his reflections. We conceive, therefore, that Dr. Bloomfield has acted more wisely in grappling with the verbal difficulties of the text; and as Dr. A. has still three books to edit, we earnestly hope, that he will seize upon the opportunity thus given him to exhibit proofs of talent, which even Poppo, who has passed, it appears, some contemptuous remarks on Dr. A. will be forced to acknowledge.

With respect to the general appearance of the volumes, it is sufficient to state that to the text, taken with a few and unimportant alterations from Bekker's, notes are subjoined, partly original, written in English, and partly selected from those of preceding commentators, and preserved in their own Latin; an arrangement we think little creditable to Dr. A. who, as the head of a classical school, ought to have adopted the common medium of the learned, as Dr. Butler did in his edition of Eschylus; or at any rate have translated the Latin notes into English, if his object were to adapt himself to the comprehension of persons ignorant of the dead languages; and in that case we think that, instead of merely transcribing the Greek Scholia, he ought to have translated so much of them as was necessary for the elucidation of the passage under discussion. By way of compensation, however, for such minor defects, we are presented with the various readings of thirty-nine MSS. collated by preceding editors, or now for the first time by Dr. A. himself. Of these the two most valuable, especially in the 8th book, are the Vatican (B) first collated by Bekker, and the Venetian (V.), some specimens of which were first given by Zanetti in 1740, and now first collated entirely by Dr. A. Both are very modern; but the latter is the more remarkable, as it contains readings still existing in the text, similar to those, which were once found also in the Cambridge MS. (N), but which were subsequently altered to suit the Vulgate; and as both MSS. frequently agree in differing from all other documents, it is quite evident that both

are transcripts from one archetypus, and that the Venetian, which is the most modern, is, strange to say, more valuable than the older one at Cambridge.

Of the eight other MSS. partially collated by Dr. A. four are in the library of St. Mark at Venice; two in the possession of Mr. Severn of Thenford House, near Banbury, and which formerly belonged to Dr. Askew ; one in the public library at Cambridge, and one in the royal library at Turin; but of these only the last seems to be of any value; for, though it is written so late as A.D. 1487, it alone preserves the true reading óμnpovs, in iii. 114, and in iv. 98, τὰ μὴ προσήκοντα : and as it agrees with MSS. Q. R. in reading ἀποστήσονται in viii. 4, as required by the canon of Dawes, it is likely to repay a more close examination than Dr. A. was enabled to devote to it during his short residence in Italy; and we are therefore not without hopes that be will be able to enrich his third volume with the complete collation of so valuable a document; for of this fact Dr. A. may rest assured, that more has been done directly or indirectly towards the correct understanding of ancient authors by the simple collations of MSS. than by all the illustrations of geography and history, which even the prolific brain of a German could give birth to.

We cannot close this notice without complimenting Dr. A. on his ingenious defence of Book iii. c. 84, against the strictures of Goëller; nor less so for his readiness in recanting some errors, into which he had fallen, when opposing the canons of Dawes, respecting the syntax of oπws μǹ with a future indicative; a recantation the more remarkable, as it proves that, while the reviewer of Dr. A.'s Thucydides in the Quarterly Journal of Education, No. vii. p. 151, was praising Dr. A. for his Anti-Dawesian heresies, he was absolutely ignorant that Dr. A. had abjured the errors of his youth, and was now willing to bow to Dawes' superior knowledge of Greek syntax.

Here then we must stop for the present. In another number we intend to redeem the promise we have given to grapple with the difficulties of the Melian controversy, and thus to exhibit another proof of our anxiety to render Thucydides a little more intellibigible than he is usually found to be.

I. A Letter from John Gage, Esq. Director, to Hudson Gurney, Esq. V.P. accompanying a Plan of Barrows called the Bartlow Hills, in the parish of Ashdon in Essex, with an account of Roman Sepulchral Relics recently discovered in the lesser barrows.

The Saxon Chronicle under the year 1016, says, "when the King (i. e. Edmund Ironside) knew that they (the Danes) were on their march, he assembled all the English troops for the fifth time, and followed after them, and he came up with them in Essex at the place called Assandun, and there they fought furiously... There Cnut gained the victory, though all England fought against him."*. The Bartlow hills in the parish of Ashdon in Essex on the borders of Cambridgeshire, had long been considered memorials of this contest. Mr. Gage, by his researches, has exploded this idea, and shown by the contents of the three smaller barrows at Bartlow, that these mounds were raised during the period of Roman occupation.

The Bartlow barrows, which indeed have given name to the contiguous church (Low, Saxonicè, a barrow), consist of four greater barrows and three smaller, placed in a line about 70 feet asunder. We ourselves suspect, from Camden's account, as quoted by Mr. Gage, although it is somewhat obscure, that there were originally four larger and four smaller barrows. That the smaller barrows contained the sepulchral deposits, while the larger were raised to accompany them merely as honorary tombs or cenotaphs. It is remarkable that the fourth of the range of large barrows to the north-east, has been

Saxon Chronicle, translated by Miss Gurney, p. 180.

dug down. Now what says Camden ?

Et quâ hæc regio Cantabrigiensis spectat Bartlow quatuor jam tumulis aggestis notum ostenditur cujusmodi occisis militibus quorum reliquiæ non faciles erant repertu." But he proceeds," Verum cum quintus et sextus ex his jampridem defoderentur tria ut accepimus e saxo sepulchra, et in illis confracta hominum ossa sunt inventa." What is the plain inference, but that the fourth large barrow had been cut down as it now appears, and nothing had been found, it being a cenotaph,-but on opening a fifth and sixth lower tumulus, some of those square stone sepulchral chests in which the Romans deposited the urns of the dead, were discovered. One of these lower tumuli, in the course of cultivation of the land, has probably disappeared. We are indeed much disposed to think most lofty mounds, similar to those at Bartlow, to be merely honorary tombs, not only from the known Roman custom of erecting such memorials, but also from the improbability that they would place such ponderous loads on the remains of the deceased, when one of the last valedictions of their funeral ceremonies was "sit terra tibi levis," a wish perfectly absurd, addressed to the manes of him over whose remains some thousand tons of earth had been heaped! The diameter of the largest barrow at Bartlow is 147 feet, its altitude 93. The diameter of the smaller barrows is 95 feet, and they are not more than 8 or 10 feet high. We do not, therefore, imagine that the meditated exploration of the larger barrows at some future time (see p. 23), is likely to produce to Mr. Gage so rich an antiquarian treasure as he has drawn from the smaller, although it 'might be worth while to set the conjecture we have ventured to propose at rest. In the barrow No. 2, Mr.

Perhaps the passage of the 6th book of the Eneid may be brought to bear against us. Close literal construction, however, here is hardly admissible, for the tomb of Misenus might have consist

1

Gage discovered a remarkable brick sepulchre, in the shape of an altar, six feet by two, and about two feet high; it much resembles, as appears by Mr. Buckler's beautiful drawing, a table tomb in one of our modern church-yards; in it were found some fine cinerary urns, or rather bottles of glass, and a sort of little pail, in which had been placed probably milk for the manes of the deceased.

"In character (says Mr. Gage) the three sepulchres so nearly resemble each other, that they may safely be ascribed to the same age. Two were constructed of wood, and one of brick, laid respectively on the bed of chalk. Each contained human bones burnt, which in the brick tomb, and one of the wooden sepulchres, were deposited in glass urns; all the cinerary deposits were laid to the south, accompanied by sacrificial or funeral vessels; each tomb had some glass vessel, the quality and manufacture of which were decidedly the same in all three, and the iron lamps found in the two wooden sepulchres, were also precisely alike.

"When a body was burnt and buried in the same place, it was called bustum, whence the word was often used to signify the tomb; and Cicero speaks of the 'bustum Basili,' and the 'Catuli bustum ;' it would seem, therefore, that Bustum is a proper name for the sepulchres we have opened."-p. 9.

rady's scientific analysis of the substances which the urns contained. One glass vessel appears, however, to have inclosed the intestines of the defunct, on which had been infused a fatty matter. The whole of Mr. Gage's report forms an elegant and classical illustration of the funeral depositories of the Romans, during the period that cremation was practised by them.

We conclude, by the coins discovered, that the distinguished personages whom the Bartlow hills were destined to commemorate, were contemporary with the reign of the Emperor Hadrian, between the years of Christ 120 and 140.

II. Observations on certain Pillars of Memorial called Hoar Stones. By the late William Hamper, Esq. F.S.A. of London, &c.

This is an amplification of the ingenious author's quarto tract published on the same subject in 1820.

"The Greek horos, the Latin ora, the Celtic and Welsh or and oir, the Armoric harz, the Anglo-Saxon or, ora, and ora, the German ort, the Italian orlo, the old French orée, the French orle, the Spanish orla, the Arabic ori, the absolute British yoror; the obsolete Irish ur and or, the Gaelic or Erse car and aird, with similar words in other languages, have all to a certain degree the self-same meaning, a bound or limit; the Hoar Stone is consequently nothing more than the stone of memorial, a land-mark describing the boundary of property, whether of a public or a private nature, as it has been used in almost all countries from the patriarchal æra down to the days of the present generation."-p. 30.

In proof of this application of the term, the examples are numerous and convincing. Hoar has been converted into war in several instances. The war stone at Trysull is also styled the Hoar Stone (p. 56.)

We have the power, under this head, of adding to the instances cited by Mr. Hamper, one noticed in a letter addressed to us under his own hand. The subject under consideration was the derivation of the term War-bank,t applied to a steep declivity near Cæsar's Camp, Holwood Hill, and which we had conceived might indicate the scene of a battle. Mr. Hamper says,

"The War Bank I conceive to have

See our vol. xcix. part i. p. 401.

been so named, from its being the boundary of some public district, or private property, in early times, if not at present; and I find abundant instances of ancient fortifications whose original appellations have gone into oblivion, becoming so distinguished. Indeed, next to hills and rivers, those unchangeable barriers of nature, a Roman station, could not fail of being a well-known point of reference."

We congratulate ourselves on the opportunity of making this slight but interesting addition to Mr. Hamper's elaborate treatise on terminal appellations.*

III. Observations on the circumstances which occasioned the death of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, in a Letter from John Bruce, Esq. F.S.A. to Thomas Amyot, Esq. F.R.S. Treasurer.

When a man is seen suffering for conscience sake, even for a creed abounding in superstitious errors, there is an independence in the act which obliges us to respect his firmness, although we may lament that it it is not exerted in a more reasonable

cause.

If Fisher clung with the credulity of a bigot to the old faith, it was better than bowing to the will of a sanguinary tyrant, and affecting, for temporising purposes, a submission which his heart denied.

Nothing could be more illegal, absurd, or unjust, than the condemnation of Fisher. Mr. Bruce's paper forms a complete refutation of those modern writers who have attempted the vindication of Henry in this cruel and atrocious act.

"Fisher and More refused to take the oath tendered to them, and which was probably the same as was taken by the Parliament, but both offered to swear to such portion as concerned the succession."

This proved their opposition was not factious.

"They admitted that the Parliament had a right to make such alterations in the descent of the Crown as were thought proper, but neither of them would allow the invalidity of the King's first marriage, the legality of the divorce, or of his marriage with Ann Boleyn.

"The statute of 25 Henry VIII. c. 22, in describing the nature of the oath to be taken by the people, enacted that it should be an oath truly, firmly, and constantly, without fraud or guile, to observe, fulfil,

* Letter to A. J. Kempe, esq. F.S.A. dated May 29, 1829.

maintain, defend, and keep to their cunning, wit, and uttermost of their powers, the whole effects and contents of that act. The Lord Chancellor and Mr. Cromwell, however, says Rapin, did of their own heads add more words unto it, to make it appear to the King's ears more pleasant and plausible, and that oath so amplified caused they to be administered to Sir Thomas More and to all others throughout the realm."

Three oaths, it appears, were propounded by as many Acts of Parlia

ment:

"The Parliament (by the attainder of Fisher) declared that they meant the second when they legislated concerning the first; that they meant the third when they (themselves) took the second; and it is enacted that the penalties imposed for not taking the first, have been incurred by refusing to take the third.”

This is ex post facto legislation with a vengeance!

"Fisher was confined in the Tower for fourteen months, and received the severe treatment, which was then the common lot of State prisoners. The Lieutenant's charge for his maintenance was 20s. per week; but the diet with which he was provided was so slender, that, having no means himself, his brother supplied the deficiency out of his own purse, and to his great hindrance."

Equally bad was his clothing, which he said would scarcely, from its tattered condition, keep him from the cold.

Mr. Bruce observes, may be credited, If the Roman Catholic writers, as Fisher's lifeless body was treated with an indignity as savage as disgraceful and mean, on the part of the Monarch, whom his blood could not satisfy.

We will, however, hope that the facts are exaggerated; and that, having suffered as a traitor, the King did not direct the subsequent forms, savage enough in themselves, out of their course, to glut after the extinction of life a puerile revenge.

Fisher's original letters, transcribed from the Cotton MSS. form a valuable appendix. How pointedly does he allude to that sad perversion of the human mind, which, when prejudice or passion has pointed a victim out, cares not whence the sticks are gathered to consume him. Even his

humblest explanations become weapons against him.

letter to Cromwell,) or to affection or to unkindness against my Sovereign, so that my writing rather provoketh you to displeasure, than it furthereth me in any point concerning your favour."

IV. Copies of original Papers illustrative of the management of Literature by Printers and Stationers in the middle of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Communicated by Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S.

The liberty of the press has been gradually won from the controul of the Crown; for one of the very first articles in this curious collection is a memorial from the Stationers' Company to Lord Treasurer Burleigh, complaining that a printer, one Roger Warde, a man who of late hathe shewed himselfe very contemptuous against her Majesty's high prerogative, and offering to come into his pryntinge house to take notice what he did, the said Roger Warde faininge himselfe to be absent, hys wife and servants keepeth the dore shutt against them," (the searchers appointed by the Stationers' Company,) "and said that none should come there to searche, neither woulde in any wyse suffer any man to enter into the house, by lykelyhoode wherof and of tow good proofe he printeth what he lysteth, and persisteth in the same behaviour, tyll your honoure of your singular goodness take order to the contrarye.

"

In modern days every man "printeth what he listeth;" but is responsible for what he so puts forth.

By the next document it appears that the Crown issued licences under the Great Seal, granting to particular individuals the sole privilege of printing certain classes of books; this was complained of by the Stationers' Company, as throwing many of their body out of employ. The following list of licensed printers may be quoted in an abridged form:

Bird, a singing man-all music books. William Jeres-all manner of psalters, primers, and prayer books. Francis Flower-the grammar and other things.

The next document shows the progress of printing from its infant state. In Henry VIII.'s time printers were few and opulent. There was another class of men, "writers, limners of books," i. e. illuminators, "and divers things for the church;" these were called Stationers.

In the time of King Edward VI. printing greatly increased; "but the provision of letter and many other things belonging to the printing, was so exceeding chargeable, that most of those printers were dryven through necessitie to compound before" (i. e. contract for a sum to be paid in hand) "with the booksellers at so lowe value, as the prynters themselves were most tymes small gayners, and often loosers." Queen Mary granted a charter to the Stationers' Company, giving them and none other authority to print all lawful books, excepting, however, such persons as had especial licence from the Crown, a provision which, as may be gathered from the document, almost neutralized the grant.

No future historian of the typographic art will neglect the valuable data for its progress in this country, afforded in this paper of Sir Henry Ellis.

V. Notices of the Palace of Whitehall, by Sydney Smirke, Esq. F.S.A.

Originally the residence of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent (vide Matt. Paris), in the 13th century, purchased by the See of York, in whose possession it continued until the attainder of Wolsey, when it became forfeit to the Crown.

Mr. Smirke's professional duties led him to the discovery of a remnant of the palace in the basement of Cromwell House, Whitehall - yard. The

James Roberts and Richard Watkyns -Almanacks and Prognostications. Thomas Marshe-Latin books used in the grammar schools.

Thomas Vautrolle, a foreigner-other Latin books, as the New Testament in Latin, &c.

ed crypt, which was probably the support of the floor of some apartment contiguous to the great hall. The dimensions of this crypt are about 40 feet by 20; its architecture probably of Wolsey's time. The magnificent new palace projected by Inigo Jones, of which Whitehall Chapel is but a small though chaste and elegant specimen, would have covered 24 acres !

Mr. Smirke's paper is accompanied