of U.S. wheat and 1 million metric tons (approximately 22 million bags) of U.S. rice. (The Government-owned inventory of wheat is presently about 1,080 million bushels.)

5

This agreement, undertaken as part of the President's food-forpeace program, will mean, on the average, the shipment of more than a shipload of wheat for each day for 4 years.

For these commodities, plus some ocean transportation cost, India will pay the United States $1,276 million in rupees under title I of the Public Law 480 program.

6

The agreement was signed at the White House by President Eisenhower and Indian Minister of Food and Agriculture S. K. Patil. Present at the signing were Acting Secretary of State Dillon, Secretary of Agriculture Benson, Under Secretary of Agriculture True D. Morse, Ambassador M. Ć. Chagla of India, and Food-forPeace Coordinator Don Paarlberg.

This is the fifth title I, Public Law 480, agreement to be signed with India. The first agreement with India (and the largest previous agreement with any country) was signed in August 1956 in the amount of $360.1 million. Previous agreements with India total nearly $1 billion in value. They have provided a significant proportion of India's grain imports during the past 312 years, as well as substantial amounts of cotton, tobacco, and dairy products. However, in the case of both wheat and rice, measures have always been taken to assure usual imports from free-world sources.

The new agreement is unique in these respects:

It is almost four times as large as any agreement previously signed with any country since the beginning of the program in 1954. It is the first agreement to span a period of 4 years.

It is the first agreement specifically designed to help a country in establishing substantial food reserves; one-fourth of the wheat and all of the rice will be available for such purpose. The stockpiling feature of the agreement will provide India with 147 million bushels of wheat and 22 million bags of rice over the 4-year period for reserve purposes. One-fourth of the amount of financing in the new agreement ($319 million) will be made available immediately to finance the first year's shipments of 147 million bushels of wheat and 5.5 million bags of rice. The rate and manner in which the remaining quantities will be shipped will be agreed upon by the Governments after January 1, 1961, and will be subject to review annually thereafter.

Of the rupees to be acquired by the United States in payment for these commodities, $1,076 million will be made available to the Government of India for economic development projects (one-half as loans, one-half as grants). The remaining $200 million will be used to pay U.S. expenses abroad and to finance other U.S. agency programs including development of foreign markets for U.S. agricultural products.

See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1959, p. 1489, and post, doc. 386.

6 For the text of P.L. 480, as amended, see ibid., pp. 1499-1516. 'TIAS 3661; 7 UST 2803; 278 UNTS 25.

The new agreement, reinforced by previous agreements, is expected to contribute to India's progress by (1) substantially increasing India's short food supply, (2) helping to control rising costs of food, and (3) giving tangible support to the financing of India's development proj

ects.

The Commodity composition of the new 4-year agreement is:

Sales of the commodities will be made by U.S. private traders. Purchase authorizations will be announced later.

JAPAN

312. JAPANESE-UNITED STATES "BROAD AND COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS": Joint Communiqué Issued at Washington by the President of the United States (Eisenhower) and the Prime Minister of Japan (Kishi), January 19, 1960 1

1

The President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Japan conferred at the White House today prior to the formal signing of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the United States. Their discussions were devoted chiefly to a broad and comprehensive review of current international developments, and to an examination of Japanese-American relations. Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Fujiyama and American Secretary of State Herter also took part in the White House talks. Later the Prime Minister and his party conferred with the Secretary of State on matters of mutual concern to the two countries.

I.

The President and the Prime Minister first discussed the international situation. The President told the Prime Minister of the profound impression made upon him during his recent trip to South

8 These figures were subsequently increased during 1960, as follows: By an agreement of July 29, 1960 (TIAS 4543; 11 UST 1941; 384 UNTS 386), the figures were raised by an additional $41.6 million ($39.6 for upland cotton, and $2.0 for ocean transport); by an agreement of Sept. 23, 1960 (TIAS 4574; 11 UST 2132; 389 UNTS 336), the figures were raised by an additional $17.1 million ($1.0 for soybean oil, $2.0 for tobacco, $6.8 for corn, $4.3 for milo, and $3.0 for ocean transport).

1 White House press release dated Jan. 19, 1960 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Feb. 8, 1960, pp. 179-181). The Japanese Prime Minister spent the period Jan. 17-21 in Washington.

2 Text infra.

3

Asia, the Near East, Africa and Europe by the overwhelming desire throughout these areas for early realization of the goals of the United Nations, international peace, respect for human rights, and a better life. In discussing the international situation, the President stated his determination to exert every effort at the impending Summit meeting to achieve meaningful progress toward these goals. The Prime Minister expressed full agreement and support for the President's determination.

In this connection, the President and the Prime Minister agreed that disarmament, with the essential guarantees of inspection and verification, is a problem of urgent and central importance to all nations, whose resolution would contribute greatly to reducing the burden of armaments and the risk of war. They expressed the further hope that early agreement can be reached on an adequately safeguarded program for the discontinuance of nuclear weapons tests. They concluded that the world is entering a period affording important opportunities which they have every intention of exploring most seriously, but only on the basis of tested performance not merely promises. Both leaders recognized that all of man's intellect, wisdom and imagination must be brought into full play to achieve a world at peace under justice and freedom. They expressed the conviction that, during this period and particularly until all nations abide faithfully by the purposes and principles of the U.N. and forego the resort to force, it is essential for free nations to maintain by every means their resolution, their unity and their strength.

II.

The President and the Prime Minister considered the security relationship between the United States and Japan in the light of their evaluation of the current international situation and declared that this close relationship is essential to the achievement of peace in justice and freedom. They are convinced that the partnership and cooperation between their two nations is strengthened by the new treaty which has been drawn up on the basis of the principles of equal sovereignty and mutual cooperation that characterize the present relationship between the two countries. Both leaders look forward to the ratification of the treaty and to the celebration of this year of the centennial of Japan's first diplomatic mission to the United States as further demonstrations of the strength and continuity of JapaneseAmerican friendship.

5

In reviewing relations between Japan and the United States since their last meeting in June of 1957, the President and the Prime Minister expressed particular gratification at the success of efforts since that time to develop the new era in relations between the two countries,

3

See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1959, pp. 786-787, 790795, 1064-1067, 1071–1073, 1107-1108, and 1192-1199.

4 See ante, docs. 177-190.

See the unnumbered title which follows doc. 314, post.

See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1957, pp. 1155-1159.

based on common interest, mutual trust, and the principles of cooperation.

Both the President and the Prime Minister looked ahead to continued close cooperation between the two countries within the framework of the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security. They are convinced that the treaty will materially strengthen peace and security in the Far East and advance the cause of peace and freedom throughout the world. They are convinced also that the treaty will foster an atmosphere of mutual confidence. In this connection, the Prime Minister discussed with the President the question of prior consultation under the new treaty. The President assured him that the United States Government has no intention of acting in a manner contrary to the wishes of the Japanese Government with respect to the matters involving prior consultation under the treaty.

The President and the Prime Minister also discussed the situation in Asia. They reaffirmed their belief that they should maintain close contact and consultation with relation to future developments in this area. They agreed that Japan's increasing participation in international discussion of the problems of Asia will be in the interest of the free world.

III.

The President and the Prime Minister agreed that the expansion of trade among free nations, the economic progress and elevation of living standards in less developed countries are of paramount importance, and will contribute to stability and progress so essential to the achievement of peace in the world.

7

The President and the Prime Minister exchanged views on the European economic and trade communities and on the role that can be played by the industrialized Free World countries in the economic development of the less developed areas. Both leaders called particular attention to the urgent desire of peoples in the less developed areas of the world for the economic advancement without which they cannot preserve their freedom. They stressed the role which increasingly must be played by the industrialized nations of the free world in assisting the progress of the less developed areas. The President particularly referred to the increasing role the Japanese people are playing in the economic development of free Asia.

In considering economic relations between the United States and Japan, the President and the Prime Minister recognized that trade between their two nations is of great benefit to both countries, noting that the United States is the largest purchaser of Japanese exports, and Japan is the second largest buyer of American goods. They expressed gratification at the growth of mutually profitable trade between the two countries. They reaffirmed their conviction that the continued and orderly expansion of world trade, through the avoidance of arbitrary and new unnecessary trade restrictions, and through 7 See ante, docs. 142-148.

active measures to remove existing obstacles, is essential to the wellbeing and progress of both countries.

The Prime Minister stressed the importance of the United States and Japan consulting on a continuing basis with regard to economic matters of mutual interest. The President expressed full agreement to this view.

IV.

The President expressed his particular gratification that the Prime Minister could come to Washington on this occasion so important in United States-Japanese relations. The Prime Minister expressed his appreciation for the opportunity to meet again with the President. The President and the Prime Minister agreed that their talks will contribute to the continued strengthening of the United StatesJapanese partnership.

313. TREATY OF MUTUAL COOPERATION AND SECURITY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN, AND RELATED INSTRUMENTS, Signed at Washington by the Secretary of State (Herter) and the Prime Minister of Japan (Kishi), January 19, 1960 °

8

The United States of America and Japan,

Desiring to strengthen the bonds of peace and friendship traditionally existing between them, and to uphold the principles of democracy, individual liberty, and the rule of law,

Desiring further to encourage closer economic cooperation between them and to promote conditions of economic stability and well-being in their countries,

Reaffirming their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments,

Recognizing that they have the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense as affirmed in the Charter of the United Nations, Considering that they have a common concern in the maintenance of international peace and security in the Far East,

Having resolved to conclude a treaty of mutual cooperation and security,

Therefore agree as follows:

ARTICLE I

The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the

TIAS 4509; 11 UST 1632.