1 Additional obligational authority available by transfer: $350 million.

2 Compares with new obligational authority of $45,517 million enacted for 1959 and $44,749 million (including $25 million in anticipated supplemental appropriations) estimated for 1960.

1 Compares with new obligational authority of $6,982 million enacted for 1959 and $2,697 million (including $49 million of anticipated supplemental appropriations) estimated for 1960. The 1959 authorization included $3,175 million for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and $1,375 million for the International Monetary Fund.

"THE FREE WORLD STILL FACES A COMMUNIST IMPERIALISM FIXED UPON CONQUEST OF ALL THE WORLD-VIGILANCE, THEREFORE, MUST STILL BE OUR WATCHWORD": Special Message From the President (Eisenhower) to the Reconvened Second Session of the Eighty-sixth Congress, August 8, 1960 22

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1960-61, pp. 612-619. The message was printed also as S. Doc. 115, 86th Cong.; an excerpted version appears in the Department of State Bulletin, Aug. 29, 1960, pp. 314-315.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY-PROGRESS TOWARD A WORLD OF LAW: Address by the Secretary of State (Herter) Before the American Bar Association, Washington, September 1, 1960 23

[THE STRUCTURE OF TRUE PEACE: Address by the President of the United States (Eisenhower) Before the U.N. General Assembly, September 22, 1960-Post, doc. 18]

GOALS FOR AMERICANS-PROGRAMS FOR ACTION IN THE SIXTIES: Report of the President's Commission on National Goals, Submitted November 16, 1960 24

3. UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY UNDER THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION, 1953-1961: Summary Statement Submitted to the President (Eisenhower) by the Secretary of State (Herter), January 6, 1961 25

INTRODUCTION

During the past eight years while the United States has experienced stability and growth at home, abroad there have been widespread and profound changes.

Great historical forces have been at work which our country has some capability to influence but certainly not to control.

Man's developing control over disease is unbalancing nature's past ratios of deaths and births. Since President Eisenhower's first inaugural,26 the human race has been growing at a rate of about 40 million additional persons per year. Our world has about 300 million more people as President Eisenhower leaves office than in 1953. Since 1953 the number of independent nations in the world has increased by almost 30 percent.

There are two outstanding elements in the deep unrest and change we are witnessing around the world. Peoples are realizing that scientific and technological gains give promise for them and their children of a better life-if only the needed skills and capital plant can be accumulated. There is a new and urgent awareness that although the misery of man exists as a fact it need not continue to exist.

Just as strong is the yearning of peoples to govern themselves. Under bursting pressures for political independence, dependent territories are being transformed almost overnight into nations-some with little

23 Department of State press release No. 507; the Department of State Bulletin, Sept. 19, 1960, pp. 435–439.

24 New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1960.

23

White House press release dated Jan. 12, 1961 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Jan. 30, 1961, pp. 144-150).

26

Jan. 20, 1953; text of address in American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955: Basic Documents, pp. 57-61.

benefit of the nation-building process which is indispensable if they are to become fully responsible members of a world community.

The masses of people of the Soviet and Chinese empires, harnessed to do the work and the will of their master Communist parties, have sharply increased the power of the USSR and Red China. Although Communist imperialism has not captured any more governments since 1954, Communist hostility toward free nations has continued.

While gradually becoming aware of the catastrophic nature of nuclear war the recognition of which had led the US in 1946 to propose internationalization of atomic energy 27-the Communists have yet to show serious interest in a responsible approach to disarmament. And so the world is in a highly disturbed and dangerous

situation.

In these years of ever-present danger what has been the US effort to preserve security and freedom and to channel into constructive directions, as best we can, these surging forces which are rolling over our world?

I.

The United States has sought to strengthen collective security, deter the use of force, create international status in new areas of activity, progress toward safeguarded arms control, promote negotiation of outstanding international disputes, increase the role of the United Nations and make of the interdependence of a shrunken world a force for peace rather than a breeding ground for war. Each of these efforts is discussed in turn below.

A. COLLECTIVE SECURITY

Forty some countries have associated with the United States in regional or bilateral security pacts. These mutual security arrangements no longer are simply military alliances. They are the framework of consultative processes that day by day are steadily improving the collaboration of free nations.

During these years NATO has evolved into an effective military and political instrument enabling the Atlantic Community to thwart Soviet efforts to dominate Western Europe.28

In 1954, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was created 29 to strengthen the determination and capability of the nations of that area to resist the expansionist thrusts of Communist China. In recent years, certain additional nations of the area which are not members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization have also come to understand and appreciate its importance for the preservation of freedom.

27 See A Decade of American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents, 1941–1949, pp. 1079–1087.

"Witnessing the importance attached to NATO by the United States, for several years the U.S. representative to the North Atlantic Council has participated in meetings of the Cabinet and NSC [National Security Council] when in Washington. [Footnote in source text.]

29

See American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955: Basic Documents, pp. 912-945.

The Anzus treaty which has strengthened the close ties between Australia, New Zealand and the US 30 is another illustration of how our security alliances contribute to the development of common purposes in other fields than military.

31

In 1954 at the Tenth Inter-American Conference at Caracas, there was promulgated the "Declaration of Solidarity" of the American States. It declared that the domination of control by the International Communist Movement of the political institutions of any American state would threaten us all and endanger the peace of the Americas. During recent years, the Organization of American States has further developed as an instrument of hemispheric cooperation. The August 1959 Conference of the Foreign Ministers of the American Republics in Santiago 32 clearly demonstrated the determination of these Republics to maintain peace in the hemisphere through common action on problems creating international tensions. An outstanding example of this common action came in early 1959 when Panama was threatened by revolution fomented outside her borders. Prompt action by the Inter-American Peace Commission was an important factor in ending this threat.33 We are working continuously with the other American Republics in the Organization of American States and in the Inter-American Peace Commission to reduce international tensions in this Hemisphere, particularly in the Caribbean area where they are now most acute.

35

In the Middle East, the United States, although not a member, has strongly supported the Baghdad Pact organization which was established in 1955.34 Although the Government of Iraq has withdrawn,3 this organization-now known as the Central Treaty Organization 36-remains a solid instrument of collective security for the Northern Tier of States in the Middle East.

The situation in the Middle East today is clearly improved as compared with 1958 as a result of actions by the States in the area, the United Nations, and the United States.37

President Eisenhower's reception during his "good will" trips in the free world 38 has shown how significant these travels have been in the battle for the minds of men. His world-wide reputation as a man of peace has served strikingly to strengthen the cause of peace wherever he has gone.

Most of the countries he visited had never before welcomed an American President.

The purpose of such trips by the leader of the strongest free-world country was to demonstrate tangibly and at first hand to the people

30 See ibid., pp. 878-885.

31 Text ibid., pp. 1300-1302.

32 See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1959, pp. 359–373.

33 See ibid., pp. 335-338 and 343–346.

34 See American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955: Basic Documents, pp. 1257-1259. See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1959, p. 1023.

98 See ibid., pp. 1023–1027.

37 See ibid., 1958, pp. 937-1067.

See ibid., 1959, p. 36 (footnote 2), p. 902 (footnote 2), and post, docs. 113116, 307, 319, and 324.