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Dr. BATES. I respect them tremendously. Up until last June I have been supported extensively by their efforts.

I would like to simply answer this, Mr. Senator, by saying that I think there is a logical place here for both of these groups. Senator Pell's bill is written, as I read it, with emphasis upon applied science and engineering; actually moving from our basic state of the art to the extraction and use of the resources of the ocean.

Consequently, there are certainly aspects of both the very fundamental oceanographic type of research that must be continued by the National Science Foundation and should be done through the universities, but also the applied engineering research that relates in my opinion more directly to a mission-oriented agency such as the Department of the Interior. My point

Senator KENNEDY of Massachusetts. It certainly wouldn't preclude the National Science Foundation from making certain arrangements with Interior and I am sure that they would make such arrangements affecting programs along the lines you describe. Yet in the brief experience I have had in Washington, where various programs are decentralized, we set up coordinating agencies and interagency coordinating committees. Therefore it does certainly concern me to see this too much decentralized.

Dr. BATES. I would like to point out that even since I came on deck last June, the image of Interior is changing considerably. As you know, we now have the Office of Water Resources Research which does relate to 50 land-grant institutions plus Puerto Rico. We have the Office of Saline Water which is largely contract-related to the universities. The new atmospheric water program of the Bureau of Reclamation is involving seven western universities at the present time, and Mr. McKernan here can tell you more specifically if you wish, the extent to which his Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has been involved in training programs, research at many places, including the universities. So I think we have not only a long but accelerating experience with regard to the relation of Interior to university programs. Senator KENNEDY of Massachusetts. If the money being appropriated now for research in oceanography is spread through a dozen different agencies, how does the Interior Department have any opportunities to allocate funds for either this kind of development or any kind of research?

Dr. BATES. Our total funding in the 1966 budget for oceanographic work primarily related to the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Mines amounts to $19 million.

Now except for the Navy which is, of course, well beyond this and the National Science Foundation which is at the level as I recall of about $43 million, this is the next highest expenditure among the Federal agencies, next highest allocation.

Senator KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Could you submit to the committee just a further breakdown on those funds?

Dr. BATES. We would be very glad to.

(The information referred to follows:)

Agency function

Interior-Total_

TABLE 2.-Department of the Interior, oceanography budget, fiscal year 1966

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Thousands

$860

677

15

138

20

10

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Senator PELL. Thank you, Senator Kennedy.

I also have a question from the minority that they have asked me to ask, and that is to what degree do you think these sea-grant colleges should be concerned with matters of water pollution in the Great Lakes and the other bodies of water within its jurisdiction?

Dr. BATES. I think this is a very important area. Whether it is the Great Lakes or the oceans I think, as I pointed out in my statement, we must be concerned with using these resources as we now desire to use the lands, with a minimum of despoilation and a maximum control of pollution. Whether in the Great Lakes or the oceans, this program ought to put considerable stress on that aspect.

Senator PELL. Thank you very much, Dr. Bates.

Senator Kennedy, who is a member of this subcommittee considering the bill, and who is most interested in the subject, has a statement of his own which we are very honored to have.

STATEMENT OF HON. EDWARD M. KENNEDY, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS

Senator KENNEDY of Massachusetts. I know you have some very able and capable witnesses, Mr Chairman, so I won't trespass too long on the time, but I would appreciate the opportunity to appear as a cosponsor and testify in support of S. 2439, a bill to establish national sea grant colleges. I especially want to commend the distinguished Junior Senator from Rhode Island for the outstanding work he has done in bringing this proposal before the Congress and for his deep understanding of the valuable contribution this program could make to our kr owledge and use of marine resources.

Although he is not with us here today, special mention and our appreciation must also go to Athelstan F. Spilhaus, the "father" of the "sea grant college" concept. Professor Spilhaus, who teaches at the University of Minnesota, is a recognized expert in the areas of oceanography, aquaculture, and marine engineering. He has probably done as much as any individual to inspire interest in the proposal and to follow up on all the details necesary to translate thought into action.

Until just recently our approach to the sea and its resources had been primarily from the surface. We perfected the ships and facilities which operate from the surface to exploit the marine resources lying slightly below the surface. But there are, in addition, tremendous untapped resources along the ocean floor, in the ocean floor and throughout the expanse of the ocean body to be studied, developed and exploited for the benefit of the entire Nation, and indeed for all mankind. The incredible quantities of untapped human food resources within the sea stagger the imagination and illustrate the challenge the sea presents to man's technical and scientific ability. Our oceans produce about 400 million tons of animal protein each year-only about 10 million tons of which are being harvested annually. I find it frustrating to contemplate these enormous unutilized food resources lying so close at hand when at the same time more than half of the world's inhabitants are chronically hungry or constantly undernourished.

Not only are we not tapping this unused potential, we are not even maintaining our relative position in the world. For the past 30 years the U.S. fish catch has remained static while fish use has increased. In 1964, we imported fish and fish products valuing nearly $600 million. In the last decade alone the United States has dropped from second to fifth place in the scale of world fish catch, and that part of our consumption which we import has increased by 25 percent.

In part, this decline can be attributed to the enormous fleet of foreign fishing vessels, principally Japanese and Russian, which are operating off our shores taking fish resources which should be ours. But the blame must be placed as well upon our failure as a nation to take the aggressive and imaginative action necessary to make our fisheries competitive with other nations.

But the statistics of food needs, fish catch and competitive position do not begin to tell the story of the present challenge and opportunity offered by the sea and its resources. The ocean remains our planet's last frontier. We have only just begun to study its physical and biological laws, to seek out its resources and to harness its power for our own needs. It is estimated that man obtains only 1 perecnt of his food from the sea. While America spends billions annually to probe the limitless and intangible expanse of space, we let three-quarters of our own globe lie fallow and practically unproductive. Yet we know from recent discoveries that vast mineral resources lie below the waters-the Continental Shelf is rich in petroleum and minerals; gold and phosphorite are already being mined off our western coasts; and who can deny that the mountains and valleys along the ocean floor contain the same riches as the mountains and valleys which form our land continent. And now our scientific and technical knowledge has advanced to a degree where we can begin to mine them.

Many of us here in the Senate have worked hard on various piecesof legislation relating to the sea-legislation to develop and process fish protein concentrate, to improve the facilities and equipment of our merchant and fishing fleets, and to guarantee the health of our fishing industry against the encroaching forces of foreign competition. But all of these measures, while necessary and important, do not provide the basic comprehensive approach which we need.

The 1958 Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea in effect gives to those countries that first explore the depths of the sea the right to

control them. If we are to become the master of the oceans we must develop and implement bold techniques for exploiting ocean resources. We need an intensive study and overhaul of our entire fishing and marine resource industries. We need a renaissance in oceanography, aquaculture and marine mining which will move us out of the dark ages of old-fashioned techniques, make our marine fleets again the most powerful in the world and establish the United States as the leader in marine and aquatechnology.

Most important of all, however, we need to call dramatic attention to the existence of this last great frontier. Just as sputnik caused a revolution in space technology by concentrating national interest on the conquest of outer space, the same sort of national interest must be stimulated in the conquest of ocean space.

To put it simply, there are just not enough Americans at the present time who know enough about or who are interested enough in the potential of the sea to make possible of the commitment of men and resources necessary to conquer the sea. We need a national program, a program which will stimulate our young people while in college to pursue careers in ocean science and technology, which will support basic research, and which will translate the results of this basic research into practical programs attractive to private industry.

Taken together with Senator Magnuson's bill to create a national council to give policy guidance in the development of our marine resources, the establishment of a national sea grant college program can provide the foundation for this concerted national effort.

There are already many institutions within the United States which are deeply involved in the study of marine science. Sea grant_colleges would be developed through these institutions, by providing Federal funds to support and augment programs which are presently in existence and by creating new programs. Through the facilities or a university, science and technology will be applied to such areas as underwater prospecting, pollution control, shipping and navigation, mining, food resources and development, forecasting of weather and climate, marine pharmocology and medicine and recreation.

These sea grant colleges hopefully will do for the sea what land grant colleges did for the land. The land grant college movement caused an agricultural revolution in America. A small investment in agricultural research brought forth great returns in terms of increased production per acre, the release of workers from agriculture, higher output per man-hour, new methods of farming, marketing and conservation, and higher standards of living for the farmer and his family. These colleges are a continuing source of research and experimentation, keeping America's farmers aware of new techniques and knowledge in agricultural sciences and keeping our farmlands among the highest producers in the world.

Similarly, a sea grant college would have a grant of seashore or lakeshore for experimental plots; it would receive Federal assistance for educational programs in the related fields of oceanography, aquaculture and marine mining for research facilities in the practical application of scientific research and techniques and for the creation of extension services to disseminate this information to all fishermen and oceanographers.

We in Massachusetts are particularly well qualified to expand our already considerable efforts in these areas, and to benefit from this program. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has long been involved in the life of the sea. For centuries, fishing fleets and whaling schooners have sailed from the ports of Gloucester and Rockport, the South Shore and the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. Today these same ports are the home base for fleets which farm the Grand Banks and Atlantic waters. And these Massachusetts fleets account for a large portion-10 percent-of the total U.S. commercial fish catch, surpassed only by Alaska and California. However, today, instead of having the 20th century equivalent of the powerful formidable fleets of the 1800's, our fishermen are working with outdated equipment and inefficient facilities.

We have the resources in Massachusetts to change this. Our State is one of the oldest and most respected centers of marine research in the country. In addition to research facilities within academic institutions such as Boston College, Boston University, MIT, Northeastern, and the University of Massachusetts, Massachusetts is proud of its special marine institutes such as the New England Aquarium, the Marine Biological Laboratories, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.

Mr. Chairman, I would like to offer for the record a copy of an excellent speech presented last week at the New England Aquarium by Dr. Bostwick H. Ketchum, associate director of the famous Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. I believe this speech illustrates quite well the long-term interest Massachusetts has had in the marine sciences and the extent of the State's oceanographic activities. (The speech of Dr. Ketchum follows:)

MARINE SCIENCES IN NEW ENGLAND

(By Dr. Bostwick Ketchum, Associate Director, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

New England has a long and distinguished history in conducting research in the marine sciences. One may think of history as looking back upon the past, but several recent activities suggest that the history of marine science in New England has been a stage of growth and preparation for the changes in marine science which may be just around the corner. One of these activities is the formation formally announced just yesterday, of the Massachusetts Association for Marine Sciences which includes as members several of the Massachusetts universities, the New England Aquarium, and both the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Mass. Another action which may have a profound effect on the development of marine sciences is the bill submitted in the Senate of the United States by Senator Pell of Rhode Island providing for the establishment of sea grant colleges and universities which could provide, for the exploration and the exploitation of the oceans, the same kind of stimulus that was given to the development of agriculture by the formation of land-grant colleges. Hearings on this bill are scheduled to be held at the University of Rhode Island on next Monday, May 2, 1966. These are merely two examples of the actions, both public and private, which may profoundly influence the future of marine sciences in New England. It may be worthwhile to review briefly the history of the development of marine sciences in order to provide perspective for the future.

One important unique facet of this history has been the development in Woods Hole, Mass., of a group of laboratories which have established a center for marine research which has gained worldwide renown. Three separate and independent laboratories have been established and have flourished in this small village. These are the Biological Laboratory of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Marine Biological Laboratory, and the Woods Hole Oceano62-996-66-11

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