Jones, as exemplified in the fine interiors of Great St. Helene and Dukes Place in London.

GERMANY: A Romanesque synagogue in Worms, and a graceful Gothic structure without aisles in Frankfort-on-theMain.

BOHEMIA: Interesting Gothic Synagogue in Prague.

JAPAN: A synagogue at Nagasaki which is not easily distinguishable from a native pagoda.

GALICIA:-A building that resembles a fortified castle whose battlement might well have served for defence.

CHINA: Kai-Fung-Foo of the distinctly Chinese type. RUSSIA: Many synagogues with the elaboration and confusion of detail which are characteristic of Russian architecture, also numerous interesting wooden synagogues which

are decidedly native in character and show no Jewish characteristics.

SPAIN:—A magnificent synagogue built in the fourteenth century at Toledo, which afterwards became the church of Nuestra Señora de San Benita (del Transito); also the synagogue that is now called Santa Maria la Blanca, both very handsome buildings, revealing the Spanish impulse and now preserved as national monuments. These two examples together with the Alhambra, served as models for innumerable buildings throughout Europe and America in the nineteenth century.

CANADA:-Synagogues very much like those constructed

in London.

UNITED STATES:-The little synagogue at Newport, R. I., built in 1763, designed by a noted architect of the day, an early synagogue in New York, and the first synagogue to be erected in Charleston, South Carolina, are all built in the Colonial or Georgian style, and show that even in America, local types in the prevailing style of architecture were adopted by the Jews for their houses of worship.

A very interesting development in synagogual plan that has confronted the architect in the last few years is the establishment of a "social center" in connection with houses of worship. The idea sprang from a desire to widen the scope of religious influence and to awaken the interest of the younger members of the community to their religious and social obligations. These centers express the impulse once again to make the synagogue the center of the community in all things Jewish, and so they are really but an attempt to go back to early historic conditions. These buildings are usually placed in conjunction with the Sabbath School, so

48. DETAILS OF DECORATION IN SYNAGOGUE OF TOLEDO (NOW CHURCH OF NUESTRA SENORA DE SAN BENITA) (See p. 186)