Dextrose Therapy, 20 Dec 44. This led Broh-Kahn to observe collaterally that "subsequent to the administration of penicillin to a patient with gonorrhea, a state of remission is induced which often cannot be differentiated adequately from true cure and emphasizes the need for prolonged periods of observation in evaluating the success of treatment of gonorrhea by penicillin." Broh-Kahn, Rpt No. 18, Professional History, p. 1207.

202 1st Ind. (Ltr. above), Hq. AAF, Wash,. D. C., to Comdt., AAFSAM, 4 Jan 46; 2. R. H. BrohKahn, et al., The Effects of Total Dosage and Antacid on the Treatment of Gonorrheal Urethritis by Oral Penicillin. Unpub. MS.

203

R. H. Broh-Kahn and P. K. Smith, The Biological Conversion of n-Butyl Penicillin, AAFSAM Project No. 389, 8 Nov 45.

204 J. J. Fussell, H. F. Pedrick, and R. H. Broh-Kahn, The Penicillin Sensitivity of Hemolytic Streptococci Isolated from Human Throats, AAFSAM Project No. 469-1, 27 Feb 46.

205

A. Bondi and C. C. Dietz, "Relationship of Penicillinase to the Action of Penicillin," Proc. Sec. Exp. Biol. & Med., LVI (1944), 135-137.

206

1st Ind. (Ltr., Comdt., AAFSAM to CG, AAF, Off. of TAS, sub: Role of AAFSAM in Diarrheal Control Program, 30 May 45), Off. of TAS, Hq., AAF, Wash., D. C., to Comdt., AAFSAM, 9 Jun 45.

207

07 P. R. Edwards and R. H. Broh-Kahn, The Serological Identification of Salmonella Cultures, AAFSAM Project 451-1, 28 Sept 45.

208 Ibid.

200 R. H. Broh-Kahn, R. B. Mitchell and S. J. Yosim, Salmonella Types Isolated from Presumably Healthy AAF Combat Returnees, AAFSAM Project No. 475, May 46.

10 R. B. Mitchell and R. H. Broh-Kahn, An Outbreak of Foodborne Gastroenteritis Caused by Salmonella Pullorum, AAFSAM Project No. 450, 20 Sept 45.

211

4th Ind. (Ltr., Dir/ Research, AFTAS, to Comdt, AAFSAM, 16 Sept 44), AFTAS to Comdt., AAFSAM, 17 Nov. 44.

213

212 Based on G. M. Hass, "Medical Aspects of Aircraft Accidents," Rpt No. 20, Professional History. 'Memo. for Comdt., AAFSAM, from Surg., AAF, CGTC, Randolph Fld, Tex., 43. 2. Memo. for Comdt., AAFSAM, thru: Dir/ Research, from Capt. George M. Hass, AAFSAM, 29 Oct 42.

214

"G. M. Hass, "Types of Internal Injuries of Personnel who have crashed in Aircraft Accidents," J. Avn. Med., XV (Apr 44), 77.

215

216

Ltr., Actg Comdt., AAFSAM, to CG, AAF, Research Div., Off. of TAS, 4 May 43.

3rd Ind. (basic ltr., TAS to Comdt., AAFSAM, 14 Jan 43), Comdt., AAFSAM to CG, AAF, Off. of TAS, 22 Jan 43.

217 Memo. for Comdt., AAFSAM, from C/Pathology, AAFSAM, 29 Apr 44.

218 G. M. Hass, Relations Between Time of Day, Nature of Aircraft Accidents, Types of Aircraft and Degree of Injury to Flying Personnel at Randolph Fld, Tex., AAFSAM Project No. 123, 26 Feb 43.

219 G. M. Hass, The Relations Between Injuries due to Aircraft Accidents at Brooks Fld, Tex., in 1942 and the Causes and Nature of the Accidents, AAFSAM Project No. 144, 29 Apr 43.

220

G. M. Hass, Relations Between Injuries to Occupants of Aircraft and the Time of Day which Aircraft Accidents of Various Types and Causes occurred at Brooks Fld, Tex., in 1942, AAFSAM Project No. 146, 5 Jun 43.

221 G. M. Haas, The Relation Between Pilot Error and Multiple Aircraft Accidents, AAFSAM Project No. 153, 30 Jul 43.

222

'G. M. Haas, "Relations Between Force, Major Injuries and Aircraft Structure with Suggestions for Safety in Designs of Aircraft," J. Avn. Med., XV (Apr 44); 2. "The Flight Surgeon's Reference File," AAF Manual 25-0-1, 1 Nov 45; 3. G. M. Haas, "Internal Injuries of Personnel Involved in Aircraft Accidents," Air Surg. Bull., I (Jan 44), I.

223

G. M. Hass, "Cranio-Cerebral Injuries of Personnel Involved in Aircraft Accidents," Presented to Assoc. Res. in Nervous and Mental Diseases, 16 Dec 44.

228 G. M. Hass, An Analysis of Relations Between Force, Aircraft Structure and Injuries to Personnel Involved in Aircraft Accidents with Recommendations of Safer Principles of Design of Certain Types of Aircraft, AAFSAM Project No. 187, 1 Nov 43.

229 See n. 227.

230

G. M. Hass, A Study of Factors which Operate Against the Successful Escape of Occupants from

Aircraft, AAFSAM Project No. 249, 5 May 44.

31 Ibid.

232

G. M. Hass, The Problem of Escape by Parachute in Acute Aerial Emergencies in Flying Training,

AAFSAM Project No. 417, 5 Sept 45.

233

1st Ind. (basic ltr., Comdt., AAFSAM, to CG, AAF, Off. of TAS, 27 Nov 45), C Med Research Div., Off., of TAS, to Comdt., AAFSAM, 18 Mar 45.

234

This section is based on Capt. R. F. Rushmer, "Crash Injury Studies Using Experimental Animals," Rpt No. 11, Professional History.

235

R. F. Rushmer, Internal Injury Produced by Abrupt Deceleration of Small Animals, AAFSAM Project No. 241-1, 2 Sept 44.

236 R. F. Rushmer, Comparison of Experimental Injuries Resulting from Decelerative Forces Applied to the Ventral and Dorsal Aspects of Rabbits During Simulated Aircraft Accidents, AAFSAM Project No. 301-1, 8 Oct 44.

237

238

See n. 195.

See: "A few highlights in the Army Career of Colonel Boynton," a brochure containing photostat copies of basic documents including W. D. General Ords. posthumously awarding him the Legion of Merit and the Distinguished Flying Cross; and also periodical and newspaper clippings.

Chapter V

AIR EVACUATION MISSION

The origins of air evacuation of the sick and wounded by military air transport are rooted in the period when the Wright Brothers developed the airplane. The first known report of aircraft to be used in the transportation of patients was made by Capt. George H. R. Gosman (MC), and Lt. A. L. Rhoades, CAC, United States Army to The Surgeon General of the Army in 1910. These officers had constructed an ambulance plane at Fort Barrancas, Florida, and the first flight was made in 1910. Shortly thereafter Captain Gosman brought his report to Washington and endeavored to obtain funds from the War Department for the work of improving this plane and using it for carrying medical supplies and transporting patients. His mission failed, but he was, undoubtedly, the first to point out the great possibilities of the airplane for this purpose. Two years later, the use of airplanes for transportation of patients was recommended to the Secretary of War, but the airplane was not considered sufficiently improved for such use.

During World War I, the airplane was used for the evacuation of casualties to a very minor extent. At best, the service type planes were far from satisfactory since a patient was, of necessity, wedged into the narrow cockpit of the open plane. In February 1918, at Gerstner Field, Louisiana, Maj. Nelson E. Driver (MC), and Capt. William C. Ocker, Air Service (at the Air Force was then known) converted a JN-4 ("Jenny") airplane, plane #3131, into an airplane ambulance. This plane was converted by changing the rear cockpit so that a special type litter with patients could be accommodated. These men are credited with the first transportation of patients in an airplane in this country and their work aided in demonstrating the practicability of transporting patients by air. At this time the use of the airplane ambulance, in relation to crashes, was stressed. The plane delivered a flight surgeon to the scene of the crash and then transported the casualties to the nearest hospital. This plane proved especially valuable in the southwest.