Exercise and Work-Muscle-Nerve; Avalanche Theory-

The Spinal Cord; Reflex Actions; Unconscious Movements-

The Brain; Reflex Movements; Voluntary Movements-The

Motor Centres; associated Muscular Actions-The_Will,

Agent of Work-Muscular Contraction-Course of a Volun-

tary Stimulus; Mode of Transmission-Nervous Vibration and

the Muscular Wave-Time of Transmission; Latent Period.

CHAPTER II.-MOVEMENTS .

20

Associated action of different Regions during Work-How a

Blow is given with the Fist-Co-Ordination of Movements;

Antagonistic Muscles; the Muscular Sense-Ataxic patients-

Static Contraction-Stiffness in Exercise-Muscular Education

-Association of the great Organic Functions with Muscular

Movement-Effort-The Porter and his Load-Effort during

slight Expenditure of Force :-Too Hard a Nut-Frequency

of Effort in Exercise-Long Distance and Sprint Running

-Influence of Movements on the Circulation-The Quicken-

ing of the Pulse; its Mechanism-The Pulmonary Circulation

and the Active Congestion of the Lungs-Congestion of the

Brain during Movement-Dancing Dervishes-A Runaway

Horse.

CHAPTER III.—HEAT

-

33

The Human Motor and Heat Engines The Mechanical

Equivalent of Heat-Heat is a Cause of Movement, not its

Effect-Heat Lost-How the Temperature of the Body is

Regulated - Effects of Heat on Muscle Experiment of

Marey on Caoutchouc-Observation of Daily Phenomena-

Muscle Heated and Muscle Numbed by Cold-Gestures of

Anger-Why we Make preliminary Passes in Fencing-The

Hare which has just been put up-Effects of too high a

Temperature-Death of Muscle at +45° C.

CHAPTER IV.-COMBUSTION.

42

General Idea of Combustion-Chemical Sources of Heat-

Ancient and Modern Theories-Part played by Oxygen-

Oxidation; Hydration; Decomposition- Complexity of the

Chemical phenomena which produce Heat - Combustible

Materials; Food Stuffs; Reserve-Materials; Tissue-Materials

-Results of Combustion - Products of Dissimilation

Products of Incomplete Oxidation; Uric Acid-Elimination of

Products of Dissimilation-Eliminating Organs-Auto-Intoxi-

cation-Dangers of Human Miasma.

Experimental Fatigue-Absolute and Relative Fatigue-Fatigue

in Ordinary Conditions of Work; it is always Relative—

Examples of Relative and of Absolute Fatigue-Causes of

Sensation of Fatigue-Causes of Muscular Powerlessness

-Influence of Waste-Products of Combustion; Transmission

of Fatigue to Muscles which have not been Working-Use of

Fatigue-Part played by the Brain in Fatigue-Unconscious

Movements cause less Fatigue than Voluntary Movements;

Practical consequences.

CHAPTER II.-BREATHLESSNESS

67

A Hard Run-Exercises which cause Loss of Breath; Trotting

and Galloping; Going Upstairs-Law of Breathlessness-

Respiratory Need; Conditions under which it Increases and

Diminishes-Carbonic Acid; Its Production Increases with

Muscular Activity; it Diminishes during Repose-The Sleep

of the Marmot-Explanation of the Law of Breathlessness

-Why we lose Breath in Running - Why the Horse

Gallops with its Lungs-Why Exercises of the Legs cause

more Loss of Breath than those of the Arms-The Coefficient

of Breathlessness-The Horse which exceeds its Paces-

Breathlessness is an Auto-Intoxication by Carbonic Acid-

Analogy with Asphyxia-Impossibility of Fighting against

Breathlessness.

CHAPTER III.-BREATHLESSNESS (continued)

86

Mechanism of Breathlessness-Reflex Disturbances of the Re-

spiratory Movements - Physical Sensations and Moral Im-

pressions-Stammering Respiration-Why we become less

Breathless at a Fencing-School than in a Duel-Reflexes due

to Carbonic Acid-Reflexes are at first Useful; They become

Dangerous when Exaggerated-Dangers of Instinctive Move-

ments-Part played by the Heart in Breathlessness-

Active Congestions-Fatigue of the Heart-Muscle and Passive

Congestion of the Lungs-The Influence of the Heart is

Secondary-Cessation of Breathlessness notwithstanding the

Persister ce of Circulatory Disturbances after Exercise-

Personal Observation; the Ascent of Canigou-Effort; its

part in Breathlessness-Prompt Advent of Breathlessness

in Wrestling-Sprint Running and Long Distance Running

-Our observations on the Rhythm of Respiration During

Breathlessness Inequality of Expiration and Inspiration

during Breathlessness;- Causes of this Inequality Grave

Phenomena of Breathlessness-Action of Carbonic Acid on

the Muscular Fibres of the Heart.

CHAPTER IV.-BREATHLESSNESS (concluded)

103

Three Stages of Breathlessness-First or Salutary Stage-

Respiration more Active, but not Insufficient-Second Stage-

Symptoms of slight Carbonic Acid Intoxication; Leaden Com-

plexion; Breathless Respiration; General Discomforts-Third

or Asphyxial Stage-Cerebral Disturbances; Symptoms of

severe Carbonic Acid Intoxication; Vertigo; Unconscious

Movements; Syncope; Stoppage of the Heart-Observations

-Dangers of Running as a Sport-Too vigorous an Assault-

at-Arms Animals succumbing to Breathlessness; the Horse

ridden to Death-Death of a Carrier Pigeon-A Hunted

Beast which Breaks Cover.

CHAPTER V.-STIFFNESS

--

Return to the Gymnasium; a Sleepless Night—Febrile Stiffness

-Three Degrees of Stiffness of Fatigue-Causes of Stiffness;

Immunity due to Habituation-Explanation of Symptoms-

Imperfection of Theories-Local Symptoms; They are due

to Trauma-General Symptoms; They are due to an Auto-

intoxication Deposits of Urates Influence of Muscular

Exercise on their Formation; Diversity of opinions of

Authors - Personal Observations -- Conditions which cause

Variations in the Formation of Deposits after Work-Slow

appearance of the Deposits after Exercise.-Influence of

the Intensity of the Work on their Formation - Hitherto

misunderstood influence of Training-Constant Correlation

observed between the Production of Stiffness and the

Formation of Deposits-This Correlation is found in all

circumstances which render the Individual more liable to

Fatigue-Influence of Moral Causes on Consecutive Fatigue

and on the Deposits.

CHAPTER VI.-STIFFNESS (concluded).

125

Objection to Our Theory-Are Urinary Deposits due to the

Perspiration produced by Exercise?-Observations opposed

to the opinion of Authors on this Subject-An Experiment

in Fatigue: Rowing from Limoges to Paimboeuf-Agreement

of Observations with Chemical Analysis-Exercise produces

a Uricemic condition-Analogy of Stiffness of Fatigue

with certain Febrile conditions-Stiffness of Fatigue and an

Attack of Gout-Cause of Immunity from Stiffness when in

Training Function of Reserve Materials Products of

Dissimilation Part played by Uric Acid in Stiffness

Stiffness is an Auto-Intoxication.

CHAPTER VII.-OVERWORK.

134

Overwork is Exaggerated Fatigue-Different forms of Over-

Work-Acute Overwork; Death from Breathlessness-Sub-

acute Overwork—The Stag_hunted to Death-Forced Game;

Rapid Cadaveric Rigidity; Prompt Putrefaction-Mechanism

of Death by sub-acute Overwork-Auto-Intoxication by pro-

ducts of Dissimilation-Extractives, Lactic Acid-Discoveries

of Gautier; Poisons of Living Organisms; Leucomaines-Rarity

of sub-acute Overwork in Man-The Soldier of Marathon

-Observations on rapid Cadaveric Rigidity in Men Dying in

a condition of Overwork-Curious positions of the bodies;

Horror-stricken Expressions in Persons who have been

Assassinated - Effects of Overwork on the Flesh of

Animals-Dangers of Eating Overworked Flesh-Culinary

Qualities given to Flesh in certain cases by Overwork-

Suffering a cause of Overwork - Cruelty of a Butcher-

Chronic Overwork the form most frequently observed in

Man.

The Disorders of Overwork-Pseudo-Typhoid Fevers-Auto-

infection and Auto-Typhisation-Opinion of Professor Peter

-Microbes and Leucomaines-Frequency of Fevers of Over-

work-Greater predisposition of Adolescents -Two personal

Observations-Abuse of Fencing and too much of the Trapeze

-Overwork in the Army-Too Energetic a Colonel-Forced

Manœuvres-Overwork a cause aggravating Disease-Infec-

tive forms assumed by the mildest Disorders in Overworked

systems-So-called Sunstroke of Soldiers on the March-The

large influence of Overwork in the production of these Dis-

orders-Rarity of Sunstroke in Horse-Soldiers; its frequency

in Foot-Soldiers-Spares persons habituated to Fatigue-

Rarity of Sunstroke in Harvest Men.

CHAPTER IX.—OVERWORK (concluded)

-

153

Chronic

A Phthisical Hercules - The Over-trained Horse

Overwork-Exhaustion through using up of the Organic

Tissues-Difference between the Physiological Processes of

Acute and of Chronic Overwork-Auto-intoxication and

Autophagy-Dangers of excessive Expenditure - Defective

Balance between Expenditure and Income.-Impoverishment

of the System by excessive work-Atrophy and Degeneration

of Muscles-The Calves of Runners-Overwork of the Heart-

Muscle-The Overdriven Heart-Nervous Forms of Over-

work-Anæmia of the Nerve-Centres and Exhaustion of the

Nervous Substance-Epilepsy of Walkers-Observations on

Peasants-Insanity from Overwork; Influence of Harvest-time

on its Frequency-Frequency of Neuroses in Overworked

Peasants.

CHAPTER X.-THE THEORY OF FATIGUE

163

Fatigue is a Regulator of Work-Organic Conditions which

hasten the onset of the Sensation of Fatigue; Weakness of

the Organs; Excess of Reserve Materials-Order and con-

nection of the Phenomena of Fatigue-Local and General

Fatigue; Immediate and Consecutive Fatigue-The different

Processes of Fatigue :-(1) Traumatic Effects of Work on the

Motor Organs (2) Auto-Intoxication by the Products of Dis-

similation (3) Organic Exhaustion through Autophagy —(4)

Dynamic Exhaustion through Expenditure of all the Force at

the Disposal of the Muscular and Nervous Elements-In-

sufficiency of existing Physiological ideas for explaining all

the Phenomena of Fatigue.

CHAPTER XI.-REPOSE

· 170

Repair of the Animal Machine-Cleansing of the Organs;

Elimination of the Waste-Products of Combustions-Diminu-

tion of Combustions during Repose-Fall of Temperature and

Depression of Vital Functions during Sleep-The Duration of

Repose must vary according to the Form of Fatigue-Short

Period of Repose necessary to dissipate Breathlessness-

The Runners of Tunis-Difference in the Rapidity of Elimi-

nation of the various Products of Dissimilation - Dynamic

Effects of Repose; they are still unexplained—Influence of

Periods of Repose in relation to the Conservation of Energy

-The English Boxers.