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CHAPTER II.-MODIFICATION OF THE ORGANS BY WORK. 187

Function makes Structure-Disappearance of Organs when

their Function has Ceased; Maintenance of Organs by Per-

sistence of Function-Why gymnasts remain supple even in

Old Age-Modification of Motor Organs by Exercise-Modi-

fication of Organic Apparatus associated with Movement;

Amplification of the Lungs-Changes in the Living Tissues

due to Work-More active Assimilation; Growth of Muscles-

More rapid Dissimilation; Diminution of Reserve Materials

-Increase of Strength through Growth of the Muscular

Tissues-Lessening of Fatigue; it is due to the gradual Dis-

appearance of the Reserve Materials-How this Result is

Explained-Fat causes Breathlessness-By what Mechan-

ism? Insufficiency of admitted Explanations Theory of

Trainers: the "Internal Fat." Objections to this Theory

-Reserve Fat and Constitutional Fat-Fat Runners-Easy

Dissimilation of Reserve-Fats, causes Breathlessness by

Excessive Production of Carbonic Acid-Reserve Proteids

and Consecutive Fatigue Disappearance of Stiffness of

Fatigue in Connection with the Disappearance of Urinary

Deposits after Exercise-Personal Observations on Fatigue.

CHAPTER III.-MODIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS BY WORK. 199

Increase in the Contractile Force of Muscle-Probable increase

in the Power of Conduction of Nerves. Improvement in the

Faculties of Co-Ordination of Movement-Éducation of the

Muscular Sense-Domination of Reflex Actions by the Will;

Regulation of the Respiratory Movements-Changes produced

in the Nervous System by Muscular Exercise-Material

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GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE-EXERCISES WHICH

DEVELOP THE CHEST-LOCAL EFFECTS OF EXER-

CISE-EXERCISES WHICH PRODUCE DEFORMITY-

EXERCISES WHICH DO NOT PRODUCE DEFORMITY.

CHAPTER I.-GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE.

285

Varying Nature of the Effects of Exercise-Its two Chief Re-

sults, the Losses and the Gains-Increased Activity of Com-

bustions; Resulting in the Using Up of the Reserve Materials

-Why is Nutrition more Active? Part played by Oxygen

-The "Need for Exercise "; to What it is Due-Accumu-

lation of Reserve Materials-Sluggish Nutrition-Why an

Inactive Man "Fears Fatigue " Insufficient Exercise

Unwholesome Effects on Nutrition Slackening of the

Process of Dissimilation-Obesity-Deficient Oxidation and

Excess of Reserve Materials. Incomplete Oxidations-Gout

-Necessity for Exercise-Effects Common to all Forms of

Muscular Work-Special Effects according to the Quality of

the Work-Observation on Horses-Trotting and Walking.

CHAPTER II.-EXERCISES WHICH DEVELOP THE CHEST 297

Importance of Oxygen in Nutrition-Advantages of a great

Development of the Chest-How this Result can be obtained

by Exercise - Received Opinions on this Subject - Our

Reasons against them-By what Mechanism the Chest is

Developed Forced Breathing -Pressure from within out-

wards-Increased Breadth of the Shoulders not to be Confused

with Increased Size of the Chest-Conditions which Develop

the Chest-Amplitude of the Respiratory Movements-

Opening out of the Pulmonary Air-Cells-Increase of the

Respiratory Need--The Chest of Mountaineers-Exercises

which produce a "Thirst for Air" - Exercises suitable for

Developing the Chest-An unexpected conclusion: Superi-

ority of Exercises of the Legs to those of the Arms-

Running and Skipping.

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