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PART III.
HABITUATION TO WORK.
. 181
POWER OF RESISTING FATIGUE-MODIFICATION
ORGANS BY WORK-MODIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
OF THE TISSUES BY WORK-TRAINING.
CHAPTER I.-POWER OF RESISTING FATIGUE.
Variability in the Power of Resisting Fatigue-Effects of In-
action-Effects of Habitual Activity-Different Mode of Life
causes Different Conformation; Frugivorous Animals and
Hunting Animals; the Flesh of the Hare and the Flesh of the
Wolf-The Labourer and the Scholar-How we must explain
"Habituation" to Work.
-
CHAPTER II.-MODIFICATION OF THE ORGANS BY WORK. 187
Function makes Structure-Disappearance of Organs when
their Function has Ceased; Maintenance of Organs by Per-
sistence of Function-Why gymnasts remain supple even in
Old Age-Modification of Motor Organs by Exercise-Modi-
fication of Organic Apparatus associated with Movement;
Amplification of the Lungs-Changes in the Living Tissues
due to Work-More active Assimilation; Growth of Muscles-
More rapid Dissimilation; Diminution of Reserve Materials
-Increase of Strength through Growth of the Muscular
Tissues-Lessening of Fatigue; it is due to the gradual Dis-
appearance of the Reserve Materials-How this Result is
Explained-Fat causes Breathlessness-By what Mechan-
ism? Insufficiency of admitted Explanations Theory of
Trainers: the "Internal Fat." Objections to this Theory
-Reserve Fat and Constitutional Fat-Fat Runners-Easy
Dissimilation of Reserve-Fats, causes Breathlessness by
Excessive Production of Carbonic Acid-Reserve Proteids
and Consecutive Fatigue Disappearance of Stiffness of
Fatigue in Connection with the Disappearance of Urinary
Deposits after Exercise-Personal Observations on Fatigue.
CHAPTER III.-MODIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS BY WORK. 199
Increase in the Contractile Force of Muscle-Probable increase
in the Power of Conduction of Nerves. Improvement in the
Faculties of Co-Ordination of Movement-Éducation of the
Muscular Sense-Domination of Reflex Actions by the Will;
Regulation of the Respiratory Movements-Changes produced
in the Nervous System by Muscular Exercise-Material
Changes in the Nervous Tissues; are they purely Hypo-
thetical?-An observation of Luys-Functional Changes in
the Nervous System-The Memory of the Spinal Cord; its
Use in the Performance of often Repeated Actions-Psychical
Modifications due to Habituation to Work-Skill-Physical
Courage-Incredible Energy of Prize-fighters.
CHAPTER IV.-TRAINING
210
Various meanings of the word Training-Training, as we
understand it here, is the Adaptation of the Organism to
Work-Natural Training and Methodical Training-Methods
of Training; rarely put in force in France; very widely
Practised in England - Training of Boxers-Training of
Oarsmen-A Specimen of Method-Physiological explanation
of the Phenomena. The Loss of Weight; Diet; Care of the
Skin-Capital Importance of Muscular Work in Training-
Temperament of the Trained Man-Advantages and Dis-
advantages of his Condition.
PART IV.
THE DIFFERENT EXERCISES.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF EXERCISES
VIOLENT EXERCISES-EXERCISES OF STRENGTH-
EXERCISES OF SPEED-EXERCISES OF ENDURANCE
-MECHANISM OF DIFFERENT EXERCISES.
CHAPTER I. PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSICATION OF BODILY
EXERCISES 227
Quantity of Work Done in an Exercise-Gentle, Moderate, and
Violent Exercises-Quality of Work in Exercise-Exercises of
Strength, of Speed, and of Endurance-Mechanism of the
various Exercises.
230
CHAPTER II.-VIOLENT EXERCISES
Violent Exercise must not be confounded with Fatiguing
Exercise-Difficulty of appreciating the Quantity of Work
expended in an Exercise- Difficult Movements Feats of
Strength Gymnastic Pedants Children's Games and
Gymnastics-Skipping compared with Climbing a Rope-
Analysis of Exercises-How the Physiological Effects of
Work may indicate its Degree of Intensity.
CHAPTER III.-EXERCISES OF STRENGTH
236
Gymnastics-Frequent Intervention of Effort in Exercises of
Strength-Why it is impossible to have "a Smile on the
Lips" in practising an Exercise of Strength-Charles Bell on
the Facial Movements-Intensity of Breathlessness in Ex-
ercises of Strength-Wrestling-Advantages of Exercises of
Strength-Their superiority to Exercises of Speed for In-
creasing the size of the Body-Inconvenience of Exercise of
Strength-Danger of Effort; Frequency of Hernia ;
Frequency of Rupture of Blood-Vessels-Overwork and
Exhaustion in Forced Labours.
CHAPTER IV.-EXERCISES OF SPEED.
244
Accumulation of Work by the rapid Succession of Movements—
Common results of works of Strength and Exercises of
Speed; the "Thirst for Air"; Breathlessness-Strength and
Speed combined "Forced" Exercise; its Dangers Part
played by the Nervous System in Exercises of Speed-Law of
Helmholtz; the Loss of Time in Muscle; "Latent Period”-
Irritability of Muscle; its part in Exercises of Speed ; its
Variability in different Kinds of Animals; the Snail and the
Bird Its Variability in different Individuals and different
Nations Dutch Rowers-Effects of Exercises of Speed-
Effects due to the Accumulation of Work; they resemble
the Effects of Exercises of Strength-Effects due to Expendi-
ture of Nervous Energy; resulting Influence on Nutrition
-Why these Exercises cause Loss of Weight.
CHAPTER V.-EXERCISES OF ENDURANCE. 257
Conditions of Exercise of Endurance; Moderation of Efforts;
Slow Repetition-Fractional Work-Conditions Inherent in
the Worker-Men and Animals who have "Staying Power"
-Need for perfect Equilibrium between the Intensity of the
Work and the Power of Resistance of the System-Im-
portance of Respiration in regulating Exercises of Endurance-
Exercise of Endurance makes the Functions more Active with-
out Fatiguing the Organs-Association of the Great Functions
with Moderate and Prolonged Muscular Work; Respiration
more Active without Breathlessness; Circulation Quickened
without Palpitation-Indications and Contra-indications for
Exercises of Endurance-Parallel with Exercises of Speed
-Why Children bear Exercises of Endurance badly-
Veterans and Conscripts.
270
CHAPTER VI.-MECHANISM OF DIFFERENT EXERCISES
The Principal Action and the Indirect Actions in Exercise-Part
played by each Part of the Body in the Chief Exercises-
Office of the Upper Limbs-Gymnastic Apparatus; especially
bring the Arms into Action-Suspension and Support of the
Body-Breasting and Circling in the Gymnasium-Rowing;
Fencing; Single-Stick ; English Boxing; Dumb-Bells—
Office of the Lower Limbs-Walking and Running; French
Boxing or Chausson-Usefulness of Exercises of the Legs in
developing the Chest-Office of the Pelvis-Flexion of Pelvis
on Thorax in Gymnastic Exercises-Development thus given
to the Abdominal Muscles - The best "Girdle against
Obesity"- Office of the Vertebral Column in Exercise
Importance of Position-The Horseman with a "Good Seat"
-Active Share of the Vertebral Column in Exercise-Thrust
from the Loins--Leaping - Passive Share of the Vertebral
Column in Exercise-Orthopedic Effects of Attitudes of
66 Suspension "-Swedish Gymnastics.
PART V.
THE RESULTS OF EXERCISE.
GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE-EXERCISES WHICH
DEVELOP THE CHEST-LOCAL EFFECTS OF EXER-
CISE-EXERCISES WHICH PRODUCE DEFORMITY-
EXERCISES WHICH DO NOT PRODUCE DEFORMITY.
CHAPTER I.-GENERAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE.
285
Varying Nature of the Effects of Exercise-Its two Chief Re-
sults, the Losses and the Gains-Increased Activity of Com-
bustions; Resulting in the Using Up of the Reserve Materials
-Why is Nutrition more Active? Part played by Oxygen
-The "Need for Exercise "; to What it is Due-Accumu-
lation of Reserve Materials-Sluggish Nutrition-Why an
Inactive Man "Fears Fatigue " Insufficient Exercise
Unwholesome Effects on Nutrition Slackening of the
Process of Dissimilation-Obesity-Deficient Oxidation and
Excess of Reserve Materials. Incomplete Oxidations-Gout
-Necessity for Exercise-Effects Common to all Forms of
Muscular Work-Special Effects according to the Quality of
the Work-Observation on Horses-Trotting and Walking.
CHAPTER II.-EXERCISES WHICH DEVELOP THE CHEST 297
Importance of Oxygen in Nutrition-Advantages of a great
Development of the Chest-How this Result can be obtained
by Exercise - Received Opinions on this Subject - Our
Reasons against them-By what Mechanism the Chest is
Developed Forced Breathing -Pressure from within out-
wards-Increased Breadth of the Shoulders not to be Confused
with Increased Size of the Chest-Conditions which Develop
the Chest-Amplitude of the Respiratory Movements-
Opening out of the Pulmonary Air-Cells-Increase of the
Respiratory Need--The Chest of Mountaineers-Exercises
which produce a "Thirst for Air" - Exercises suitable for
Developing the Chest-An unexpected conclusion: Superi-
ority of Exercises of the Legs to those of the Arms-
Running and Skipping.
CHAPTER III.-LOCAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE.
---
306
Effects on neighbouring parts-Useful Effects: Compression of
Vessels by the Contracting Muscles; Quickening of the Cir-
culation as a result-Disappearance of Edema during
Exercise Injurious Effects of Muscular Contraction :
Excessive Compression of Internal Organs Dangers of
Effort-Effects of Work on Muscle-Useful Effects: Increase
in Size-Injurious Effects: Wasting of the Organ_through
Excessive Work-The Accidents of Work-Muscular Ruptures
-Tendency of Muscular Fibre to Shorten through Ex-
cessive Work-Semi-flexion of the Fore-arm in Gymnasts-
Dangers of Muscular Contractures-How Deviations of the
Spine are produced by Ill-planned Exercise.
CHAPTER IV.-EXERCISES WHICH PRODUCE DEFORMITY
314
Gymnastics and Esthetics-A rooted Prejudice, the Beauty of
Form of Gymnasts-Deformities due to Gymnastics with
Apparatus-Mechanism of these-Too much Exercise of
the Arms-Attitudes of Support-Breasting-The Horizon-
tal Bar-The Parallel Bars-Circling-The Trapeze- The
Round Back of Gymnasts—Fencing—“Fencers' Scoliosis.”
Comparative Observations on Right-Handed and Left-
Handed Fencers-Our conclusions are opposed to those
of former authors-Opinion of Bouvier and Boulland-
Mechanism of these Deformities-Different attitudes of the
Fencer during the different Stages of a Fencing-Bout-
Guard, Attack, Parry and Thrust-Dumb-Bells—Riding—
Different Effects of Riding in a Race and of the Riding of the
Schools-The back of a Jockey and the figure of a
Cavalry Officer.
327
CHAPTER V. EXERCISES WHICH DO NOT PRODUCE
DEFORMITY
The best Gymnastic Exercises-Ground Exercises-An Exercise
too little regarded; French Boxing or Chausson-Fair
division of work in this Exercise; Necessity for Perfect Equili-
brium; Boldness of the Movements-The Turning Kick-
Swimming and Climbing-Rowing-Two Varieties of Boating
Exercise; the Oar and the Paddle-Superiority of the Oar
-Rowing and Sculling-General conditions of Exercises
which do not produce Deformity; these conditions are
especially Negative Natural tendency of the Body to
Regular Development- Exercise must not oppose this
tendency-Suppleness a condition of Elegance of Figure
-Superiority of Exercises of Skill to Exercises of Strength
-Rope-Dancers; Jugglers and Balancers-The habit of
carrying Burthens on the Head-The Women of Teneriffe.