vertical or oblique strata, which will keep the soil open for the free reception of water, and thus assist the roots in penetrating the soil, in this case unavoidably more compressed than in the two others. Over this last preparation the footway may be formed of flag-stones, causewayed, or laid with gravel or any other suitable material. When the roots of trees must unavoidably depend for their nourishment on a prepared stratum, laid under a Macadamised or causewayed street, the last mode of preparation is the most suitable for general adoption; and, indeed, it is that which will answer perfectly well for footways unless in extraordinary cases.

The Champs Elysées, and the Parisian Guinguettes or TeaGardens. Having paid little attention to these public promenades and places of amusement ourselves, we prefer giving what has been furnished to us by a coadjutor who has lived in Paris several years, and has seen them at various seasons.

The Champs Elysées is rather a wood, than either gardens or fields, as its name might seem to import; and it partakes of the mingled characteristics of our Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens. It is invaluable to the Parisians, not only as affording scope for walking and riding, but also as being a general place of public resort like the Boulevards, where the people can enjoy the gaiety of the scene around them, or amuse themselves by chatting with their friends, while sitting on movable wooden chairs, which they hire for about a halfpenny each. It is reckoned fashionable to employ as many of these chairs as possible; and it is curious to observe the ingenuity with which a Parisian dandy contrives to occupy four or five. He sits upon one, rests his feet upon another, his hat is placed upon a third, and his two arms are supported by the fourth and fifth. Of course a sous is paid for each chair; and the gentility of a Parisian beau may thus be established for the trifling sum of twopence English, which is about the difference of the price between the accommodation which he does and that which he does not want. Ridiculous as this may seem, it is but an example, on a small scale, of the feelings created by the present state of society; for the chief distinction between a very rich man and one in moderate circumstances is, that the former has it in his power to purchase useless luxuries, while the latter is obliged to confine himself to such things as he really wants. The graver portion of the male loungers in the Champs Elysées read the newspapers, which are supplied at the moderate charge of a sous each, by persons stationed there for that purpose; and the ladies seat themselves in little groups, criticising the dress of the passers by, or listening to their attending beaux. Taken altogether,

the scene is uncommonly lively and brilliant: the ladies sitting under the trees are generally gaily dressed, with all those varieties of colour and redundancy of ornaments which usually characterise the Parisian belles; the centre road is filled with equestrians and carriages; and a number of flower-girls, and itinerant venders of eau de groseille (currant water) and the thin wafer-like cakes called les plaisirs des dames, are walking up and down, endeavouring to sell their respective wares, and dividing the public attention with intelligent dogs and monkeys, and various musical performers, some of whom are really very far beyond mediocrity. The great avenue of the Champs Elysées is very fine, being terminated at one end by the Barrière de Neuilly, sometimes called the Barrière de l'Etoile, a grand triumphal arch, which has a magnificent effect when seen at a distance; and on the other by the Place Louis Quinze, with its four pedestals, surmounted by fine statues of horses, beyond which are seen the palace and gardens of the Tuilleries.

The Champs Elysées was always the principal scene of the festivities which took place under the reign of the elder branch of the Bourbons on all great occasions of national rejoicings. The most remarkable of these were those celebrated on the birthdays of the kings Louis XVIII. and Charles X.; on which occasions the Champs Elysées used to resemble a great fair, with swings, roundabouts, rocking ships, conjurers, and puppet-shows, calculated, as we should suppose in England, only to amuse children. The most striking feature of these days of festivity was, however, the distribution of sausages, bread, and wine to the populace, by the royal family in person. For this purpose booths were erected, in which the different members of the royal family and the nobles of the court were assembled, to throw the sausages (they being first carefully wrapped in paper, to prevent them from soiling the gloves of the ladies) and pieces of bread to the people, who scrambled for them like dogs fighting for a bone; the chief amusement of the august personages present being derived from the struggles and awkward efforts of the candidates, each trying to get as much as possible for himself. The wine (the common red Bourdeaux) was distributed by proper attendants, from large barrels placed in front of the booths; and the people, from their frequent falls and tumbles over one another, to get each a fitting share, became soon besmeared with it: and this, joined to the grease and dust they had acquired by their struggles for the sausages, made them look more like demons than men, and occasioned frequent bursts of laughter

from the royal booths. Perhaps one cause of the fatal contempt in which Charles seems to have held his subjects, may have arisen from the repetition of these brutalising scenes; as, from the general seclusion of his habits, he saw but little of any other portion of the Parisians than these polissons, who may be considered the very lowest dregs of the people: and persons are generally apt to draw deductions solely from what they see, · forgetting how wrong it is to it is to judge of a whole from detached parts. It is thus very possible that the ideas which Charles acquired of the working classes in France, from the annual disgusting exhibitions of the Champs Elysées, should, together with the influence exercised over him by the priests, have led to his extraordinary infatuation. That the Catholic priests should wish to keep the people in slavery is not surprising, because freedom of opinion in politics might be naturally expected to lead to freedom of opinion in religion; and that Charles's bigoted notions should have made him easily yield to their wishes is also not to be wondered at: but, had he not been deceived in his ideas of the real character of the people over whom he ruled, he would not have dared to attempt to treat them as he did. Happily the days of ignorance and slavery are both rapidly passing from the earth; and the time is coming when kings will find it necessary to study the dispositions and inclinations of their subjects, and when their subjects will have become so virtuous and enlightened as to be well worthy of such consideration.

Tivoli is the most fashionable and best frequented of the public gardens of festivity in Paris, and may be called the Parisian Vauxhall. It is, however, very inferior to the Vauxhall of London, both in extent and variety. The principal attraction used formerly to be the Montagnes Russes; the amusement of which consisted in sliding in a car down an inclined plane with great velocity. The other diversions include bands of music, minor theatres, puppet-shows, and charlatans, the evenings generally concluding with a display of magnificent fireworks. The company are accommodated with ices and other refreshments, of which they partake sitting in alcoves, or on chairs among the trees.

The Gardens of Beaujeu, and others of similar description to Tivoli, differ so slightly as to seem undeserving of particular description.

The Guinguettes are public gardens of festivity for the lower orders: they are chiefly in or near the Fauxbourgs St. Antoine and St. Denis, and on the Mont Rouge side of Paris. They are, generally, neatly kept gardens, with little cabinets, or alcoves, within thickets of young elms. These alcoves are

usually complete bowers cut in the trees, the leaves forming the only covering; and the people, while taking refreshments, sit at little tables placed in each, as in tea-gardens of an inferior description in England. Over the open entrances to the alcoves are stretched wires, from which are suspended the numbers of the different tables; and behind the whole is generally a saloon appropriated to dancing, in which is a very tolerable band of music.

The Salles de Mars and de Flore, in the Champs Elysées, are also dancing rooms, with bands of music, for the lower orders; the visitors being generally inferior servants, laundresses, flower girls, common soldiers, &c. The decorum and excellent order preserved in these places are truly astonishing; as is the air of refinement which pervades the whole. Very little wine is drunk, but ices and cakes are taken abundantly; and the girls, with large baskets of bouquets of flowers, who stand in different parts of the saloon, seem to find a ready market for their nosegays. The saloons are circular, and the place for dancing is surrounded by pillars, which support the roof; the space between the walls and the pillars being occupied by lookers-on. The gardens belonging to these saloons are laid out like those belonging to the guinguettes on the other side of Paris.-J. W. L.

(To be continued.)

ART. II. Description of Harewood House, and its Gardens and Grounds. Βγ Οντως.

HAREWOOD HOUSE is nearly a mile from the beautiful village of that name, and is a noble specimen of architecture, of the Corinthian order. On the wings of the building of the north or carriage front are four beautiful medallions, representing Liberty, Britannia, Agriculture, and Commerce. The rooms are universally admired for the taste and splendour of their decorations; the entrance hall is spacious and noble; the panels on the walls adorned with trophies of war; and in niches are beautiful bronzed statues of Euterpe, Minerva, Iris, Flora, &c. The library is a very splendid room; the coved ceiling is highly ornamental, and very rich; it is supported by pilasters with Corinthian capitals: there is an excellent collection of books, well arranged, and busts of Newton, Machiavel, Dante, Petrarch, &c. The saloon is most elegant; the furniture green and gold. The chimney-piece, of white marble, by Vanguelder, is exquisite; over this, admirably executed in

bronze, is a representation of some drunken and heathenish rite, the subject of which, as I did not care to remember, escaped me before I was out of the mansion. A fine portico, at the south front of the house, communicates with this room. The gallery extends across the west end of the house, and is 77 ft. long. The French plate looking-glasses are immense. The superb chimney-piece, supported by two bewitching figures of nymphs, is a chef d'oeuvre. The chandeliers, tripods, busts, &c., are all in the first style of excellence. The ceiling is of stucco work, and adorned with subjects from that endless labyrinth of fiction the Heathen mythology, admirably painted by Rebecca. The music room is very handsome; the ceiling is divided into compartments by cornices elegantly carved, and the floor is covered with a rich carpet to correspond with it. The white drawing-room, the yellow drawing-room, the couchroom, the dining-room, and others, are all splendour and elegance. The best staircase is admirable; the walls decorated with paintings of the Birth of Venus, the Triumph of Bacchus, &c. It struck me as singular that scenes of drunkenness should so frequently be depicted on the walls of this mansion, to the exclusion of historical pictures, of which there are none of any note. The muniment (archive) room on the ground floor, the kitchens, still-rooms, &c., are all complete in their kind. Water is conveyed to the house by upwards of 2500 yards of lead pipes, from a spring sufficiently high to raise it to the most lofty rooms of the building.

The park is finely wooded, and contains about 1800 acres. The pleasure-grounds were laid out by the celebrated Launcelot Brown, Esq. (or, as he was in his lifetime often called, "Capability Brown"), and have subsequently been altered and improved by Repton, and other eminent artists in landscapegardening. They are now considered to. rank among the first in England; and indeed their variety and grandeur are very striking, especially when it is considered that, unlike Hafod, Dunkeld, and Mount Edgecumbe, nature has done little to add to their beauty.

The kitchen and fruit gardens are of an irregular form, and contain about 8 acres: they lie on a very gentle slope towards

* Some persons say that this prænomen arose from a frequent remark of Brown's, when viewing any grounds which he thought might be improved, that "the place had its capabilities:" others consider the term as a title complimentary of his superior talents in his profession.

In the first Lord Harewood's time, R. A. Salisbury, Esq. (who then resided at Chapel Allerton, where he had an immense green-house), was a frequent guest at His Lordship's table, and many important alterations are said to have been made in the grounds from his designs.